Spirit of brotherhood

 Spirit of brotherhood (Dawn Friday Feature)

 By Amin Valliani | 5/31/2013

THE Muslim ummah makes up a sizeable chunk of the world population. It isspread widely across the globe but faces multiple challenges on the internal and external fronts.

Among the internal challenges, the most serious and pernicious is the division within.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) conveyed the message of Allah in toto. After arriving in Madina, his first and foremost act was the constitution of a Muslim community based on the principle of brotherhood.

During his remaining life on earth he continued to promote the spirit of brotherhood at every level. In his last Haj sermon he reminded Muslims that they are brothers in faith.

In fact brotherhood became the fundamental concept of Islam at the social level. As per the principle of oneness, all Muslims are globally one in their loyalty, devotion and obedience to the teachings of Islam. Geographical boundaries, cultural diversities and political inclinations are secondary visà-vis the Islamic faith and its value system.

Brotherhood makes it incumbent upon Muslims to have mutual respect for each other and be united in upholding Islamic values. It is a permanent spiritual bond among all Muslims.

Muslims guided by the sense of brotherhood progressed materially within a short span of time in the early days of Islam. They spread the eternal message of Islam in the known world as members of one great spiritual family.

They followed the examples set by the Prophet in social, political, ethical and economic disciplines and showed compassion to others, took good care of their neighbours and guaranteed protection of the life and property of Muslims and non-Muslims alike.

However, after the Prophet left for his eternal abode the Muslim community stood divided. The spirit of brotherhood vanished and constant frictions and disharmony became the order of the day. At the beginning the division was minimal but later it became much deeper and continues to grow.

It has made common Muslims` lives miserable and has caused infighting, killings and warfare in Muslim lands around the globe. Muslims` blood has become cheap and is frequently shed by their co-religionists.

Thus the Muslims` faith has come under severe attack and criticism. It is not in the interest of Muslims to remain divided.

Rather, it is the responsibility of every Muslim to promote and practise brotherhood, try to overcome differences and buildnew bridges based on Islamic ethics.

In the world of faith, Muslims are united by Shahada (the declaration of faith) and the need is to practically demonstrate unity in societies where they live.

They are to realise that the division within has caused much pain and damaged their foundations during the long and chequered history of the Muslim ummah.

In order to steer theummah out of the divisive crisis, the concept of brotherhood needs to be put into action at every level. In this connection it is essential to devise certain parameters which must be adhered to.

First, all segments of the ummah must be allowed to remain true to their doctrines, history and interpretation of faith. No one must be allowed to declare others wrong or infidels.

Muslims of whatever persuasion should remember that Allah says He `...Will judge between them concerning that wherein they differ. ...` (39:3) and that `Your Lord knows best who has gone astray from His path and who is rightly guided` (68:7).

These verses enlighten us that humans are not to become judgemental in matters of faith. It is purely the domain of Allah to judge who is guided and who is not. We, as humans, try to understand His guidance with the limited capacity of our mind. The Holy Quran leaves the door open for different interpretations without any one interpreter being able to accuse another of being non-Muslim.

Therefore, all Muslims should pray that the Almighty, in His infinite mercy, may forgive any mistaken interpretation, stemming from ignorance or misunderstanding of the Holy Book.

Secondly, Muslim history consists of great achievements of the past centuries, but it also narrates some bitter events and recalling them can generate caustic feelings. Therefore, in the larger interest of the ummah the avoidance of such bitter pages of history is the need of the hour.

The Muslim ummah is not a monolithic entity but pluralistic in nature. This means countless Muslim communities around the globe are of varied types. They affirm the Shahada and declare Islam as their faith but practise according to their cultural contexts. All seek Allah`s blessings and pray for His guidance to move forward on the siratal mustageem (straight path).

Islam`s central message is peace, which is possible only when the notion of brotherhood is translated practically on the ground at the grassroots level. History proves that a sense of brotherhood has helped Muslims weather difficult storms.

As we advance further into the 21st century, we need to revitalise the idea of brotherhood and apply it in our lives for reasons of nation-building, economic prosperity and political stability. The ulema, teachers and media persons have a special role in this regard.

Our national curriculum should have special emphasis on brotherhood. Students should be made aware that when Islamic brotherhood is not practised, the entire nation suffers. •


The writer is an educationist...amin.valiani@itrebp.org

Beyond the drones

Beyond the drones

By I.A. Rehman | 5/30/2013

THE renewed debate on drone attacks in Fata and the response from the Palcistan authorities deserve due attention.

The latest flurry of drone-related statements began with a report that drones were going to continue discharging their lethal cargo on Pakistani targets for 20 years.

This report, though denied soon afterward, created a perfect setting for President Barack Obama`s address at Washington`s National Defence University, and his announcement that the use of drones would be reduced and that CIA was to be divested of its monopoly over the drone programme apparently led to more relief than it deserved.

Meanwhile, powerful voices continued to be raised against what was described as killing by remote control.

The American Lawyers for Civil Liberties renewed their call for the ces-sation of drone attacks.

Amnesty International again condemned such attacks for causing extra-legal killings and for violating international law. And now the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has taken exception to the drone attacks.That the US had begun to rethink the drone programme could not but please the Pakistani authorities. The Foreign Office declared it had always opposed the drone attacks. The incoming prime minister, Mian Nawaz Sharif, apparently tried to close ranks with the country`s most powerful and permanent establishment by reminding the US of Pakistan`s sovereign rights and the need to stop drone flights, as a followup to his plea for talks with the Taliban a gesture Secretary of State John Kerry has not been late in appreciating.

In addition to the views of eminent persons quoted above, notice may also be taken of two detailed studies on the subject.

The report that Medea Benjamin heckled President Obama during his speech in Washington reminded one of her book published last year, Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control, in which she has narrated her experience after visits to the theatre of drone attacks and after meeting with someinnocent victims.

She quotes two sources to establish the killing of non-combatants.

According to the New America Foundation, between 1,717 and 2,680 people were killed during 2004-2011 and of them 293 to 471 were `civilians`. The UK-based Bureau of Investigative Journalism puts the number of civilian deaths during the same period at 391 to 780, including 175 children (out of 2,372 to 2,997 casualties).

But killing of non-combatants is only one of the author`s concerns. She also argues that some of those labelled as terrorists might not have deserved that description. She challenges the very legality of drone attacks, expresses alarm at the growth of the drone-manufacturing industry and highlights the US fears that many countries could soon be using predator planes.

That should put an end to the Pakistani government/military`s hopes of receiving drones or the relevanttechnology from the US. Medea Benjamin raises the level of the debate on drones to the more fundamental issues of the rules of war and the drone threat to international peace. Pakistan must surely participate in that debate.

Then the highly rated International Crisis Group released its report Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan in which it has argued that the drones kill fewer militants than the young men they turn into militants. It blames the US for not officially acknowledging the drone programme (one wonders how the ICG could say this) and Pakistan for doublespeak.

The ICG plea that `Pakistan must ensure that its actions and those of the US comply with the practices of distinction and proportionality under international humanitarian law` bypasses the issue of legality of the drone strikes and settles for a pragmatic compromise: `The US should develop a legal framework that defines clear roles for the executive, legislative and judicial branches, converting the drone programme from a covert CIA opera-tion to a military-run programme with a meaningful level of judicial and congressional oversight.

Here ICG seems to be pinning its hopes on reports of President Obama`s initiative to transfer control of the drone warfare from CIA to Pentagon. It is not clear that Pakistan will benefit from this switch and even if it did there are reasons to doubt the ability of the US military or even its justice authorities to objectively analyse matters concerning Al Qaeda and the Taliban. The most important message from the ICG is about the need to push political, legal and socio-economic reforms in Fata.

What Pakistan is confronted with is a many-sided dilemma. Its case against the drone attacks suffers from a lack of proper investigation into their impact on Pakistan`s population. This obstacle must be removed by facilitating a thorough probe into the drone programme by an independent commission comprising civil society and governmentrepresentatives.

The second issue is that drone attacks will not be ended until the US is offered a guid pro quo. Despite the goodwill the TTP have displayed for it, Pakistan`s new ruling party may find it impossible toprevent militants` activities in Afghanistan. That will also undermine Mian Nawaz Sharif`s negotiations with the Taliban. He may find that those who hope for a negotiated settlement with the Taliban, except for a deal on their inflexible terms, constitute a tiny minority.

Reliance on talks with the Taliban for a breakthrough means their recognition as bona fide representatives of the tribal population, which may not be factually correct. Instead of talking to the Taliban it would be better to hold wider consultation with the tribal population.

It is necessary to ascertain whether party-based elections in Fata and the decision of the newly elected MNAs to join a Pakistani mainstream party have prepared the tribal population for accepting the reform agenda such as the one proposed by the ICG. Without a long-term plan to stabilise the tribal areas, efforts to have peace with the militants or to stop drone attacks will touch only the fringe of the problem, not its heart. •

(Courtesy DAWN)

Energy: tough decisions

 Energy: tough decisions

 By Shahid Kardar | 5/28/2013

THE public narrative oversimplifies ways of eradicating loadshedding. Just settle the `circular debt` and improve governance prevent electricity theft, collect bills on time and install prepaid meters and we`ll reach the promised land.

To begin with let`s examine what constitutes `circular debt`. The numbers reported in the press are the sum of the amounts of each organisation`s receivables from others. This results in double counting. After all, one party`s payables are the other`s receivables, which should cancel out on subtraction. In our case, they don`t. There is an unadjusted amount, which the government picks up through the budget. This amount is growing by Rs1 million a minute.

Three-fourths of this build-up represents the inadequacy of consumer tariffs set by the National Electric PowerRegulatory Authority to cover generation, transmission and distribution costs. When tariffs are not revised for any increase in prices of inputs (like oil), the government bears the sub-sidy. Presently, the tariff charged to consumers is Rs3 per unit less than the cost of generation.

The cost of producing an additional unit of electricity from imported oil is Rs18, while the existing tariff is around Rs9.50. Increasing load-shedding then makes sense because generation using this resource raises the government`s subsidy bill by almost Rs9 per unit. By failing to foot this subsidy bill the government builds up the circular debt.

Three components which partially raise power rates for consumers and partially require budgetary allocations are the following: The technical and managerial inefficiencies of government and generation and distribution companies (Gencos and DISCOS), cosy deals with rental power plants, overstaffing, free provision of electricity to employees of the Water and Power Development Authority, poor equipment maintenance, obsolete technologies, mismanagement, corruption, etc all adding to the cost of electricity provision.The mega issue of electricity theft, especially in DISCOs in Hyderabad, Peshawar, Quetta and Fata, with no one paying in the latter.

Poor bill collection; more than Rs200 billion due from federal and provincial agencies; well-connected individuals and companies not paying bills and not being disconnected (Rs150bn) although close to Rs120bn of this are `dues` from fictitious consumers. This is simply theft in collusion with Genco staff.

So, what is the way forward? This writer has argued in these columns that the short-term solutions are fairly obvious: `print` money for a one-time settlement of the circular debt, divert generation to independent power producers which produce power more efficiently that Gencos, etc. But, these efforts will only buy us four to five months. There are no quick and easy sustainable solutions to end load-shedding and provide energy at affordable prices. They requirefundamental policy adjustments beyond the power sector, political determination to take on powerful interest groups, give and take between the provinces, the merger of almost two dozen agencies under one ministry, etc. Some of these are being repeated below.

For a variety of reasons it will be difficult to get meaningful private participation in the sector. Therefore, massive government investments in hydel power and coal development (plus upgrading of Genco equipment and infrastructure for importing liquefied natural gas and coal) will be required to produce electricity at affordable rates.

Each project will take more than seven years to complete a period beyond the tenure of any government during which there will be load-shedding, and employment of scarce funds on schemes with limited visibility and no immediate political returns. Such levels of funding will need a combination of enormous tax effort and a major restructuring of the Public Sector Development Programme (with Rs1.6 trillion still to be spent on on-going schemes almost five years of annual development expenditure). It will require some projects to be abandoned, which could involve penalties for rescinding contracts, and deferment of others cutting subsidies on fertiliser, wheat, etc.

(with their political costs). Regrettably, there are serious doubts about the present capability of government institutions to implement this formidable agenda.

A decision will also be required on the allocation of gas, a scarce resource, along with its price rationalisation, since it is presently one-fourth its international equivalent. Should this heavily `subsidised` gas be used for power generation, as fuel for CNG and industry or for fertiliser production? If fertiliser units are denied gas, fertiliser will have to be imported, requiring a decision on the level of subsidy and the courage to face up to the `cost` of diverting gas from fertiliser companies where huge investments have been made. But after the Eighteenth Amendment the first rightover gas use is of the province of source.

Consumers in Punjab pay a higher tariff for greater theft in Sindh, Balochistan and KP. To address this issue should DISCOs be privatised ortransferred to the provinces with electricity being provided at a uniform price at the provincial boundaries for them to determine tariffs? If they are privatised, a first-rate regulator will be needed, a role which Nepra is incapable of performing.

All this will require legislation covering Nepra`s future responsibility, empowering provinces to set tariffs, etc. Will this have to be routed through the Council of Common Interests, requiring Sindh, KP and Balochistan to raise tariffs sharply for the higher rate of leakages? A decision will also be required on maintaining supply of 650MWs from Wapda to the KESC (despite greater loadshedding in other parts of the country) and on whether other consumers should continue to bear the cost of oil provision at subsidised rates to richer Karachiites while they themselves pay for it as `fuel adjustment` charge. All in all, this is a politically daunting undertaking. •

The writer is a former governor of the State Bank of Pakistan. (courtesy DAWN)

Disenfranchising women

Disenfranchising women(Dawn Friday Feature)

 By Anwar Abbas | 5/24/2013

BEFORE the advent of Islam the position of womenwas not enviable, neither in Arabia nor in other parts of the world. In many of the older cultures women were looked down upon and treated as inferior beings.

The position was much the same in cultures that have made significant contributions to the intellectual and artistic wealth of mankind. In the ancient Greek civilisation a woman had almost the status of a slave: belonging to the father in her childhood, to the husband in adulthood and as a widow to her sons.

In the flourishing civilisation of ancient Rome too fathers and husbands had full control over their daughters and wives.

Even in the Jewish and Christian religions as they developed subsequently the woman was supposed to be a source of pollution while some Hindu texts also considered women helplessly dependent on men.

Pre-Islamic Arabs often indulged in infanticide of girls, in whom they normally took no pride. To many of them women were not companions who participated fully in the lives of their husbands but merely objects of pleasure or slaves to carry out their commands. Women had no right to personal property and no safeguards against ill-treatment by their menfolk.

The first thing that Islam did was to declare that there is genuine equality between the sexes and no people or community could build upon the fabric of life when their mutual relations were not rightly ordered. Men must learn to treat women with respect and consideration as well as a sense of justice in economic and social relations.As women have been the `weaker` sex throughout history, men have been especially enjoined to see that they receive their due rights. In the final sermon before his passing the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, `...He is the best of believers (before God) who is courteous and treats his dependents gently. ...` The Prophet allowed women free disposal of their property and improved their position with regard to inheritance.

The laws of Islam cover a wide range of freedoms for women.

These include the freedom for widows to remarry and to divorcethe husband under certain conditions. This was aimed at discouraging slander and unpleasantness and to ensure a proper standard of social conduct between men and women.

Says the Quran (2:229) `...The parties should either hold together on equitable terms or separate with kindness.

Islam also assured women of some economic independence through the right to inherit property, the obligation on the part of the husband to pay her the dower (mehr) at the time of the marriage and, last but not the least, by making the husband responsible for her maintenance.

Compassion for all God`s creatures is the basis of decent, civilised and God-fearing life in Islam. Any attempt by fanatical Muslims or prejudicial and ignorant non-Muslims to eliminate this essential element from the message of Islam is perhaps the biggest danger that the religion faces.

For example, some years ago a senator stunned the upper house, the nation and indeed the world when he reportedly defended as `part of our culture` the alleged burying alive of five women in Balochistan for wishing to marry of their free will.

Political life in Muslim states has been disfigured by dictatorial regimes, frequent coups d`état, political murders and, not infrequently, insensitiveness to the interests of all segments of society. Take, for instance, the banning of women voters from casting their ballots in certain areas of the country in the recent general elections.

It is well-known that the conservative clergy and sometimes genuinely misled scholars have taken the view that women should have no freedom and should not be permitted to participate in the life of a nation. In this case not only religious and sectarian parties but even mainstream parties, who will soon take over the reins of governance in the country, reportedly supported the decision of disenfranchising women voters.

Nearly one half of the population of the world consists of women. It is therefore necessary that any religion or social theory that concerns itself with the good of mankind should also be concerned with the welfare, rights and progress of women.

Islam has laid down in most social, economic and other matters the broad principles which should govern the relations of individuals and groups. If the Holy Prophet had proclaimed for women of the seventh century the kind of freedom which they enjoy today and the full participation which they have in national life, it is doubtful if it would have had a vivid impact or been understood at the time.

At the same time Islam indicated clearly enough the direction of advance and left it to the intelligence of its interpreters and scholars to redefine the position of women in the evolving pattern of society through later centuries. There is nothing in Islam or Muslim history to suggest that it is averse to change.

In fact the ease with which Muslim societies adapted themselves to new material and psychological conditions shows that they always possessed this adaptability.

CE 2012 Final Result (written + Interview)

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Aga Khan Road, F‐5/1

Islamabad the 20th May, 2013.

PRESS NOTE

Subject:COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION (CSS), 2012 FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS‐17 UNDER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

No. F. 2/4/2013‐CE. The candidates whose Roll Numbers and Names are given in the following statement (in order of merit) have finally qualified the Competitive Examination (CSS), 2012 for recruitment to posts (BS‐17) under the Federal Government.

Merit No - Roll No - NAME

1 8930 SHEHARYAR AHMAD
2 876 HASSAN AFZAL
3 8779 SAYYED MUHAMMAD ABBAS SHAH
4 437 NAVEED AHMED
5 5779 ADEEL HAIDER
6 1764 BILAWAL ABRO
7 5424 SUMAIR NOOR
8 3517 NUR UL AIN QURESHI
9 6827 HUMAIRA IRSHAD
10 1995 MUHAMMAD AYAZ
11 6778 HASSAN WAQAR CHEEMA
12 13774 AYESHA ABU BAKR
13 8372 RABIA RIASAT
14 3301 MUHAMMAD OMER KHAN
15 2956 KANWAL BATOOL
16 8772 SATAISH SHERYAR
17 8109 MUHAMMAD ZULQARNAIN
18 8761 SARAH HAYAT
19 7716 MUHAMMAD JAWAD HAIDER SHAH
20 10058 MUHAMMAD IMRAN KHAN
21 12471 BATOOL ASADI
22 5375 SHARJEEL NOOR
23 1700 AMBER MIR
24 13010 BILAL SALEEM
25 7007 JUNAID SULEMAN
26 9678 KASHIF NABI KHUHRO
27 296 WASEEM AHMAD
28 14294 SHOAIB MUBARAK
29 2648 BUSHRA IQBAL RAO
30 3039 MANSOOR ARSHAD
31 7265 MEER MUHAMMAD NAWAZ
32 7661 MUHAMMAD IKRAM MALIK
33 7109 KHURRAM PERVAIZ
34 8509 ROOMAN BURANA
35 9452 WASIM RIAZ
36 3033 MALEEHA JAMAL
37 9398 WAQAR ALI KHAN
38 7969 MUHAMMAD TARIQ NAWAZ
39 8773 SAYED AZIZ
40 7386 MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH LAK
41 9689 MEHRAN KHAN
42 7668 MUHAMMAD IMRAN
43 3136 MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH AMIN
44 9293 UBAID UR RAHMAN DOGAR
45 8680 SALMAN PERVAIZ
46 13765 ASMA IJAZ
47 8337 QASIM AZIZ BUTT
48 8758 SARA KHAN
49 4055 WAQAS AHMED
50 8960 SHOAIB MANSOOR
51 2248 SYED ANSAR HUSSAIN SHAH
52 371 MALIK MUHAMMAD AHMED
53 6320 BAHAWAL SHAHRYAR
54 13807 JAVARIA MUHAMMAD JAMIL
55 9225 TALAT MEHMOOD BOSAAL
56 1535 SARFARAZ AHMED GOHAR
57 8105 MUHAMMAD ZOHAIB
58 1820 GHULAM FAREED 2
59 4335 ARFAN SALAM
60 3629 SAADIA AWAN
61 1120 RIZWAN SIDDIQUE
62 6070 AMNA JAVED
63 2538 ARSLAN HAIDER
64 7457 MUHAMMAD ALI TAJ
65 7356 MUBASHIR MAHMOOD
66 6330 BEENISH ARUJ
67 13300 MUHAMMAD KHUDADAD CHATTHA
68 3028 MAHWISH KHAN
69 1676 AIJAZ ALI ZARDARI
70 6731 HANNAN AHMAD
71 13668 USMAN AHMED
72 3696 SAJJAD HUSSAIN
73 342 FAISAL MASOOD
74 7163 MAHAK MANSOOR
75 14086 SHIRAZA HAMEED
76 1688 ALI HASSAN
77 11715 NEELUM SULTANA KHATTAK
78 8878 SHAHZAD DASTGIR NOUSHERWANI
79 4058 WAQAS LATIF MUGHAL
80 8678 SALMAN NAVEED
81 9174 SYED TAIMOOR BUKHARI
82 6348 BILAL QASIM
83 10936 GULLANAY OMAMA
84 5646 ZUBAIR NAZIR AHMED SHAIKH
85 9360 USMAN IJAZ RATHORE
86 4265 ALI SHAHID ZOHAIB
87 5320 SARWAR HUSSAIN
88 7320 MOHAMMAD OMAIR KHAN
89 7492 MUHAMMAD ASAD
90 6878 IMRAN FALAK SHER
91 1095 QASIM RAZA CHADHAR
92 3756 SARWAT MALIK HABIB
93 8656 SAJJAD SADIQUE
94 6204 ASIM RAZA
95 8398 RAHIL AKHTAR
96 13737 ABDULLAH IRSHAD
97 5879 AHMED SAEED MANJ
98 6722 HAMOOD UR REHMAN
99 7475 MUHAMMAD ANWAR UL HAQ
100 13542 SHAHANA SHAKIR
101 13728 ZULFIQAR ALI MALIK
102 13954 SYED AHMED FARHAN SHAH
103 958 MUHAMMAD ARSLAN
104 3648 SADIA USMAN
105 9233 TANVEER SHAKOOR RANA
106 11464 MUHAMMAD IMRAN SETHI
107 7089 KHAWAR BASHEER AHMAD
108 6505 FAROOQ AMJAD
109 7150 MADEEHA MAQBOOL
110 7609 MUHAMMAD FARRUKH ASLAM
111 13101 HASEEB SHAHBAZ AMIN
112 5312 SARDAR ALI
113 8001 MUHAMMAD UMER
114 13216 MARIAM NAWAZ QAISRANI
115 4602 IFRAH TARIQ
116 5780 ADEEL RAZA
117 2958 KANWAL NIZAM
118 9963 KHURAM HAMEED PARACHA
119 1368 HAIDER MUNAWAR CHEEMA
120 4097 ZAHOOR ELAHI
121 7603 MUHAMMAD FARHAN ZAHID
122 7814 MUHAMMAD NAVEED ASGHAR
123 8037 MUHAMMAD USMAN TARIQ BUTT
124 2582 ASRAR AHMAD
125 10104 MUHAMMAD UMAR JAWAID
126 13721 ZILE HUMA
127 6410 FAHAD RAZA
128 5001 MUHAMMAD WAQAS
129 10412 ZILL E HUMMA
130 5335 SHAGUFTA MUMTAZ
131 6025 AMIN HAIDER SHAH
132 9178 SYED USMAN MUNIR BUKHARI
133 7165 MAHEEN HASSAN
134 558 TAHIR MEHMOOD
135 12777 SAQIBA MANNAN
136 13170 KHADIJA HUSSAIN
137 5474 SYED MUHAMMAD ALI
138 7174 MAHWASH SHAHID
139 5251 SAJID ALI
140 10219 SARAH BENAZIR
141 14077 SAMAN SHERAZI
142 2815 HASHAM KHALID MALIK
143 4733 M USMAN ANWAR GORAYA
144 9378 UZAIR BIN RAFI
145 6581 GHULAM KHALIQ
146 6090 ANEEQ UR REHMAN
147 6906 IMTIAZ MOHSAN
148 6682 HAFIZ SHAHZAD MASOOD 3
149 6775 HASSAN SARFRAZ
150 7197 MALIK SAMIULLAH KHAN
151 6080 AMNA SHUJA
152 873 HASAN NASIR
153 13824 MALIK MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR
154 7476 MUHAMMAD ANWAR UL HAQ
155 8139 MUSARRAT BANO
156 3115 MUAHMMAD HUSSAIN SHAH
157 6802 HIRA ANWAAR
158 2936 JHAN ZAIB AZMAT CHATTA
159 933 MISBAH BASHIR
160 3582 RAMLA SHAHID
161 9964 KHURRAM RIAZ KHAN
162 7085 KHAN SHAHZEB BASHIR
163 8145 MUSTAFA SAJJAD
164 6577 GHULAM HUSSAIN YASSIR
165 7056 KASHIF NAWAZ
166 5838 AHMAD FARAZ
167 12197 SYEDA WARDA BIBI
168 4767 MARIA MUSTAFA
169 4184 ABRAIZ ALI ABBASI
170 9037 SUHAIL ABBAS
171 7409 MUHAMMAD ADNAN
172 9423 WAQAS ISHTIAQ
173 7460 MUHAMMAD AMIR HAMZA KHAN
174 7029 KAMRAN SAEED BHUTTA
175 7592 MUHAMMAD FAISAL SALEEM
176 6570 GHUFRAN SYED
177 8207 NAURAH KHURSHID
178 6236 ATIKA AKIF
179 8882 SHAHZAD LIAQAT RANJHA
180 6401 ELINA ALI
181 6841 HUMERA AMIR
182 2763 GHULAM YASEEN
183 6725 HAMZA NAVEED
184 3097 MOHAMMAD ALI YAFIS GARDEZI
185 6516 FARWA ABBAS
186 5580 WAQAR HUSSAIN
187 7223 MARIA AHMAD
188 1385 JAHANGIR ALI SUNDRANA
189 7415 MUHAMMAD ADNAN ZAHID
190 2415 AHMED FRAZ
191 12953 ANAM AYAZ
192 2242 SUHAI AZIZ
193 6121 ARAISH SAMAR
194 10781 AZRA BAKHT
195 13631 SYEDA NAILA BATOOL
196 6043 AMMAR AHMAD
197 1461 MUHAMMAD TANVIR YASIN
198 8325 QAMAR ABBAS
199 10655 AMJAD HUSSAIN ZADA
200 5137 PIYAR ALI
201 13568 SHEIKH UMMAD ZAFAR
202 3988 TOUHEED REHMAN MEMON
203 2598 ATIF SHOUKAT
204 6573 GHULAM FARID
205 6289 AYYAZ IRFAN BHATTI
206 7926 MUHAMMAD SHAKEEL PASHA MEHSOOD
207 5796 ADNAN FASIL
208 3467 NASIR MAHMOOD
209 9597 ZUNERA NAZAR HUSSAIN
210 8530 SAAD MAQBOOL
211 10445 KHIZRA TAHIR
212 919 MALIK MUHAMMAD SHAABAN
213 2573 ASMA HUMAYUN
214 3667 SAHAR FARRUKH
215 6500 FARIHA FARRUKH
216 6561 FRASS HAMID
217 2650 BUSHRA PERVEEN
218 7319 MOHAMMAD MOHSIN SALAHUDDIN
219 7579 MUHAMMAD FAHAD AZEEM
220 9348 USMAN AKRAM
221 2205 SHAHRYAR ANWAR
222 2677 FAHAD MAHMUD MIRZA
223 9669 IQRAR AHMED
224 8335 QASIM ABBAS BHATTI
225 13786 FIAZ AHMAD
226 7333 MOHSIN ALI
227 11004 HUDA SHAH
228 7602 MUHAMMAD FARHAN KHAN
229 2922 JAVED IQBAL SHAHZAD
230 2942 JUNAID MANZOOR
231 8056 MUHAMMAD WAQAS MAQSOOD
232 9464 YASIR HASHMI
233 13864 MUHAMMAD NAUMAN MALIK
234 8568 SADIA DOGAR
235 8420 RANA ABDUL SABOOR KHAN
236 6492 FARHAN SATTAR
237 6312 BABAR HUSSAIN 4
238 7888 MUHAMMAD SALMAN SHARIF BHATTI
239 3208 MUHAMMAD EHTISHAM ADIL
240 7877 MUHAMMAD SALEEM
241 10008 MUHAMMAD AHMAD
242 5052 NABIHA CHAUDHRY
243 10987 HASSAN WAZIR
244 5850 AHMAD NAVEED FAZAL
245 12845 TALHA MASOOD
246 7631 MUHAMMAD HAMZA ASAD
247 12640 MUHAMMAD BEHRAM KHAN
248 4787 MEHREEN IQBAL
249 3563 RAHEEL SHER KHAN NIAZI
250 7808 MUHAMMAD NAUMAN ANEES
251 7540 MUHAMMAD AYOUB ASHRAF
252 3766 SEHRISH GHULAM
253 2464 ALI RAZA GHAURI
254 2323 AAMER FAROOQ
255 10418 AQEEL KHALID
256 12846 TARIQ AZIZ LASI
257 1222 ZOHAIB RIAZ
258 8854 SHAHID MEHBOOB
259 3553 RAFAY IQBAL ANSARI
260 4769 MARIAM ALVI
261 11805 RAHMAT ALI
262 6377 CH.ABDUR RAZZAQ
263 8901 SHAKEELA MAHMOOD
264 5686 ABDUL HANIF
265 9291 UBAID UL RAHMAN SADIQ
266 13757 AQSA LIAQAT
267 1116 RAY MUHAMMAD NAJAM NAWAZ SAQIB
268 2781 HAFIZ MUHAMMAD AHMAD
269 5911 AISHA IRSHAD
270 3389 MUHAMMAD YOUSAF
271 9358 USMAN GUL WAHEED KHAN
272 11398 MUHAMMAD AWAIS JAVED
273 6429 FAISAL KARIM QURESHI
274 5664 AAMIR RIAZ KHAN
275 11466 MUHAMMAD IRFAN KHAN
276 489 USAMA TAHIR
277 2412 AHMED ALI
278 8331 QAMARUDDIN RAHPOTO
279 3893 SYED ANSER ALI
280 7004 JUNAID MUSTAFA
281 1584 USAMA AMIN CHEEMA
282 7434 MUHAMMAD AJMAL
283 12649 MUHAMMAD HAYAT
284 6114 AQSA ALI
285 3516 NOWSHERWAN ALI
286 2191 SHAFAY ALI SHAH
287 7260 MAZHAR ALI
288 7533 MUHAMMAD AWAIS ANWAR
289 8342 QAYYUM RANI
290 1587 USMAN RASHID
291 12495 FATIMA ALI
292 4023 USMAN NASRULLAH
293 8301 OMAR DRAZ
294 9019 SOHAIL HAIDER
295 10597 AFTAB AHMAD KHAN
296 5510 SYEDA SOOBIA FATIMA
297 4676 JUNAID IQBAL KHAN
298 5975 ALI RAZA
299 7257 MASROOR AHMED
300 9477 ZAAINAB TARIQ
301 9194 SYEDAH MARRIYAH ALI
302 5346 SHAHBAZ TAHIR KHAN
303 13467 SAAD MUMTAZ
304 8672 SALMAN ALI
305 5634 ZEHRA ABRO
306 7726 MUHAMMAD KALEEM
307 8268 NIDA TASLEEM KHAN
308 6696 HAIDER ABBAS
309 13854 MUHAMMAD ILYAS
310 11348 MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH
311 6717 HAMMAD AHSAN
312 12612 MOHAMMAD TAQUI
313 5087 NAVEED SIKANDAR
314 8348 RAAFIA MAJEED
315 4786 MEHDI MALOOF
316 13231 MIAN USMAN ALI SHAH
317 9975 MALIK MUHAMMAD JAVEED IQBAL
318 8464 RAZA HASSAN
319 6049 AMMAR IQBAL KHAN
320 5855 AHMAD RAZA BUTT
321 5412 SOHAIB RASHEED
322 14326 ZUHAIB HASSAN SHAIKH
323 4229 AHMED SHAH
324 2663 DR. ANEELA JAVED GONDAL
325 6465 FAIZAN WAHEED
326 11273 MARYAM KHALID 5
327 6329 BATOOL FATIMA
328 13874 MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ AKHTAR
329 13436 RAJA USMAN MEHMOOD
330 12646 MUHAMMAD HASHIM SHAH
331 13001 BADAR IQBAL
332 6129 AROOB PIRZADA
333 5951 ALI IMRAN HYDER GONDAL
334 2661 DILDAR ALI
335 8498 RIZWAN ASHRAF
336 9899 FARRUKH MUNIR
337 2596 ATIF RASHID KHATTAK
338 11424 MUHAMMAD FARIDOON
339 8339 QASIM MAHBOOB
340 13832 MEHAR AHMED ZEB
341 290 WAJEEHA BASHIR
342 2379 ADILA MARYUM
343 8955 SHOAIB AHMED
344 4726 KOMAL AZEEM JAMALI
345 7074 KHALID KHAN
346 13719 ZEESHAN JAWAD
347 4572 HASSAN FARHAJ
348 5106 NISAR AHMED
349 3559 RAHEEL AHMAD CHEEMA
350 9374 USMAN TARIQ
351 3681 SAIQA ABBAS
352 6527 FATIMA ALI
353 8692 SAMEER BAIG
354 7765 MUHAMMAD MUDDASSIR NADEEM
355 9702 MUHAMMAD SHOAIB CHANNA
356 2499 ANAM NASIR
357 2713 FARIHA KHAN
358 12634 MUHAMMAD AURANGZAIB DURRANI
359 5874 AHMED NOMAN CHAUDHRY
360 2883 IMTIAZ ALI
361 7704 MUHAMMAD JAHANGIR IQBAL KHAN
362 12489 FAKHRA I JEHAN KHAN
363 8112 MUJAB RAMZAN POPALZAI
364 5363 SHAHZEB SHAIKH
365 7236 MARIA SHARIF
366 7034 KANWAL EHSAN
367 13517 SANAM ZAFAR
368 9560 ZIA ULLAH
369 7923 MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD
370 8997 SIDRAH KALEEM
371 4914 MUHAMMAD JUNAID ASLAM
372 5914 AITZAZ MUMTAZ KHAN
373 3181 MUHAMMAD ASIF
374 13533 SEEMAB ZAFAR
375 11780 RAEES KHAN
376 8755 SARA AHMAD
377 10511 ZAHEER SAFDAR
378 5871 AHMED MAHMOOD PIRZADA
379 8307 OMER MAHMOOD BUTT
380 8563 SADAF SALEEM
381 4007 UMAR KHALID
382 6417 FAHID RAFIQUE
383 3171 MUHAMMAD ARSLAN ZAHID
384 6012 AMARA DUGGAL
385 2402 AHMAD ALI
386 6691 HAFSA NASEER
387 9493 ZAHEER AHMAD NAZAR
388 4191 ADEEL MUMTAZ KHOKHAR
389 6625 HAFEEZ UR REHMAN
390 2855 IFFAT SHAHEEN
391 6990 JAWAD RAZA QURESHI
392 4012 USAMA MOHAMMAD KHAN KHAKWANI
393 5160 QURRATULAIN ASLAM
394 12015 SHAHAB UD DIN
395 3615 RIZWANA HAYAT
396 12467 BABRAK KHAN
397 6486 FAREEHA MALIK
398 8218 NAVEED ALI
399 4273 ALTAF HUSSAIN MAHESAR
400 6934 IRFAN ALI
401 1908 JETHA NAND
402 5807 ADNAN RASHID
403 5262 SAJJAD AMAR
404 9546 ZEESHAN HAFEEZ
405 348 GULJAAN BOKHARI
406 2838 HIRA ASIF
407 4739 MADIHA MOBIN
408 3209 MUHAMMAD FAHAD MAHMOOD
409 6528 FATIMA ALI BOKHARI
410 9215 TAHIRA JAVAID
411 7994 MUHAMMAD UMAR FAROOQ AZAM
412 3439 NADEEM UL HASSAN
413 6495 FARHAT BASHIR
414 11105 ISLAH UD DIN
415 8550 SABIHA KHAN 6
416 8185 NAIMA SHAMAIL
417 3016 MADEEHA NASIR DOGAR
418 9958 KASHIF RAFIQ
419 7011 KALEEM UR RAHMAN NAVEED
420 695 SANIA MAKHDOOM
421 956 MUHAMMAD AQIB ALI
422 1170 SUFYAN DILAWAR
423 8731 SANA SARFRAZ
424 6007 ALVINA SABAH IDREES
425 8263 NIAZ AHMAD
426 6983 JAVED SARWAR JASRA
427 6944 IRFAN SARWAR DR.
428 4153 ABDUL JABBAR
429 2577 ASMA NOUREEN
430 8713 SAMRA LIAQAT
431 11967 SARDAR HUSSAIN
432 12309 YASIR REHMAN
433 7865 MUHAMMAD SADAM HUSSAIN
434 1290 ADEEL AMJAD
435 5661 AAMIR HUSSAIN
436 3536 QAZI ATIF BASEER CHUGHTAI
437 559 ZAHID MAHMOOD
438 8208 NAUSHEEN SARWAR
439 6019 AMBER NAEEM
440 8494 RIZWAN ALAM
441 2127 RASHID ALI SODHAR
442 13307 MUHAMMAD NAEEM KHAN
443 12401 ABDUL WALI
444 12933 ALI ASAD
445 13059 FAZAL ZEESHAN SABIR
446 2614 AYESHA TARIQ
447 5970 ALI NAZIR
448 12171 SYED JIBRAN MUSHTAQ GILANI
449 1322 ASIM HAFEEZ
450 13806 JAHANZEB RIAZ
451 3622 S.MUHAMMAD ALI
452 3970 TASLEEM ZAHRA
453 11659 NAJMULLAH DAWAR
454 8697 SAMIA AKRAM
455 6319 BADR BIN BILAL
456 7205 MANAZER ALI
457 8273 NISAR AHMED
458 541 NADIR HUSSAIN
459 8867 SHAHZAD AHMAD
460 266 SYED SABIR ALI SHAH
461 1636 ABDUL RAHIM KHAN
462 878 HINA HAMID
463 284 USAMA BIN REHMAN
464 1371 HAMZA ALI
465 7133 LIAQAT ALI
466 7017 KAMRAN AKBAR
467 3182 MUHAMMAD ASIF
468 7894 MUHAMMAD SAQIB MASOOD
469 11818 REHMAN DARVESH
470 8899 SHAKEEL AHMED
471 12864 YASIR NAEEM TAREEN
472 11373 MUHAMMAD AMAD AFRIDI DR.
473 5668 AAMIR YAQOOB
474 13194 MADIHA ALEEM
475 9806 ABDUL MAJEED SAGHIR
476 2675 FAHAD ANWER BALOCH
477 9535 ZARQA HAYAT
478 12880 ZIA UR REHMAN
479 8016 MUHAMMAD USMAN
480 7890 MUHAMMAD SAMAR RIAZ KHAN
481 664 MUHAMMAD SIRAJ KHAN
482 1029 MUHAMMAD SAMEER
483 11027 IHTESHAM AZIZ
484 344 FATIMA MAHMOOD
485 2602 ATTA UR REHMAN
486 52 AYAZ MUHAMMAD SHAH
487 9674 JAN MUHAMMAD
488 6597 GHULAM ULLAH
489 3921 SYED MUHAMMAD HAMZA ABID WASTI
490 9151 SYED MUHAMMAD OMER SHAH
491 5920 AKHLAQ ULLAH
492 5710 ABDUL RAZZAQUE THEBO
493 8327 QAMAR HUSSAIN
494 7313 MOBEEN IRSHAD BHATTI
495 1988 MUHAMMAD ALI
496 4046 WAQAR AKBAR CHEEMA
497 5191 RIZWAN HYDER
498 7346 MOHSIN ZUILFQAR
499 9905 FIRDOUS BIBI
500 9717 NAVEED HUSSAIN JANVRI
501 8889 SHAHZEB KHALID
502 3979 TAYYABA BANO AWAN
503 13020 DUR E SHEHWAR
504 5772 ABUZAR MUAZAM 7
505 1944 MANSOOR
506 6782 HINA ARIF
507 6686 HAFIZA ANEESA NIAZI
508 9517 ZAIGHAM KHALIL
509 8962 SHOAIB SARWAR
510 11336 MUBASHIR KHAN
511 1241 KAMAL UD DIN QAMAR
512 10449 MEHROZ AHMED
513 2473 AMBREEN ALI
514 9084 SYED ALI AHSAN ABIDI
515 6719 HAMMAD ASLAM
516 7616 MUHAMMAD GHAYYUR AKBAR KHAN
517 8046 MUHAMMAD WAQAR UL HAQ
518 6243 ATTIQUE AHMED
519 5687 ABDUL HAYE LUCMAN
520 6762 HASSAN AZAM
521 7822 MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BHATTI
522 6422 FAIQ AHMAD KHAN
523 6291 AYYAZ RAFIQUE
524 13474 SAADIA HANIF
525 13495 SAIMA MUSTAFA
526 12818 SYED AMIR SHAH
527 2070 NAEEM AHMED
528 6586 GHULAM MURTAZA
529 8095 MUHAMMAD ZAMAN
530 9401 WAQAR AZEEM
531 10310 ZAFARULLAH KHAN
532 3443 NADIA USMAN
533 11782 RAEESA ATTACHE
534 762 ALI BIN AHMAD
535 1192 UMER TABRAIZ KHAN
536 8204 NASIR ZADI MEHWISH
537 6101 ANSAR ALI
538 9745 SAFI ULLAH
539 2456 ALI MEHMOOD
540 11738 NOOR REHMAN
541 3916 SYED MUHAMAMD HASNAIN
542 13970 TARIQ USMAN
543 6103 ANSAR MUNIR
544 5707 ABDUL RAUF
545 11668 NASIR ALI SHAH
546 10247 SIDRA HANIF
547 4141 AAMIR HUSSAIN
548 5494 SYED SALMAN HAIDER
549 254 SOHAIL UR REHMAN
550 9468 YASMIN KHUDA BUKHSH
551 4241 AIJAZ ALI
552 3600 REHAN YOUSAF
553 1059 MUHAMMAD YASIR
554 5150 QASIM IBRAHIM
555 7231 MARIA MUSHTAQ
556 5197 ROSHAN LAL
557 3545 RABIA ASLAM
558 6979 JAVAIRIA SULEMAN
559 9791 ZAID AHMED
560 1645 ABDUL SATTAR
561 1514 SADIA LIAQAT
562 13913 RAFI ULLAH
563 13796 HURYA FATIMA
564 10960 HAMEED UR REHMAN
565 985 MUHAMMAD IMRAN JAFAR
566 6446 FAISAL SHIRAZ KARIM
567 8664 SALMA MUZAFFAR
568 7706 MUHAMMAD JAHANZEB IQBAL
569 9840 ALI SHAHZAD
570 5219 SABBA NOOR
571 12924 AHSAN SHAFI
572 3824 SHAUKAT ALI
573 3666 SAFWAN ULLAH KHAN
574 9028 SONIA ATA TUNG
575 9353 USMAN ASHRAF
576 14130 ALI RAZA ABBASS
577 3353 MUHAMMAD TAQI MEHRAN
578 5832 AHAD HANIF
579 8460 RASHID SATTAR CHOUDHRY
580 9455 WAZIR KHAN VIRK
581 5882 AHMED SUBUH JAMSHED
582 10131 NADIA ARSHAD
583 8775 SAYYAD AMIR RAZA
584 8937 SHEHROZ KHAN
585 6774 HASSAN SALMAN MANJ
586 6629 HAFIZ ABDUL SHAKOOR
587 7132 LIAQAT ALI
588 13384 NAEEM ABBAS HAIDERY
589 6100 ANJUM ZAHRA
590 7339 MOHSIN ISLAM
591 3049 MARIA SHAD
592 6435 FAISAL MUKHTAR
593 12615 MOLA DAD
594 9746 SAIFULLAH 8
595 26 AKHTAR RASOOL
596 8910 SHAMIM EJAZ
597 4182 ABID QAMAR
598 451 SAFA NASIR
599 13880 MUHAMMAD TANVIR KHAN
600 2442 ALEEM AHMED
601 6461 FAIZAN AHMED RIAZ
602 8567 SADAF ZULFIQAR
603 5925 AKRAM SHAFIQUE
604 12178 SYED MUHAMMAD MAJID SHAH
605 5644 ZUBAIR ALI
606 3111 MOHSIN SHAHZAD RANJHA
607 2396 AFZAAL ASGHER
608 7041 KASHIF ALI
609 14129 ALI GOHAR MAHESAR
610 11944 SAMIULLAH KHAN
611 2505 ANEELA KUNWAL
612 631 MINHAS AHMAD
613 8224 NAVEED IQBAL
614 13099 HASAN SAIFULLAH
615 7717 MUHAMMAD JAWAD SHAFIQUE MUGHAL
616 4101 ZAIGHAM ABBAS
617 8504 RIZWAN RAFIQUE
618 7696 MUHAMMAD IRFAN KHAN BLUCH
619 7299 MIRZA KARIM
620 7291 MIAN UMAR NADEEM
621 9830 AHMED UMAIR KHAN
622 8588 SAEED AHMAD
623 6867 IMRAN
624 1870 IMTIAZ AHMED
625 5742 ABEERA AHMAD
626 3314 MUHAMMAD RIZWAN SAEED
627 10135 NAILA KALSOOM SADDIQI
628 1823 GHULAM MUHAMMAD
629 5540 TAYYIBA SYED
630 13541 SHAH ZAIB MALIK
631 5382 SHEERAZ HYDER
632 8371 RABIA REHMAN
633 6913 INTIZAR ALI
634 2714 FARINA MUGHAL
635 214 SAHIBZADA HASSAN ALI
636 7515 MUHAMMAD ASIM MUSHTAQ
637 13602 SYED ADEEL HASSAN MUGHEES
638 2283 WAQAR UMAR MEMON
639 6838 HUMAYUN KHALID
640 13872 MUHAMMAD SAQLAIN NAWAZ
641 5130 PARVEEN MUBARAK
642 11250 MAJID KHAN
643 6918 IQTADAR UL HASSAN
644 39 ANDLEEB NAZ
645 12602 MIR WAIS KHAN
646 9920 HAMMAD AHMAD PIRZADA
647 895 IREM WAQAR
648 10635 ALHAJ MUHAMMAD KHAN
649 4603 IFTAKHAR AHMED
650 5709 ABDUL RAZAQUE ALI DOGGAR
651 9399 WAQAR ASHRAF
652 6998 JEHANZAIB
653 771 AMIR ASLAM
654 11796 RAHEEMA
655 13262 MUHAMMAD ASHRAF
656 13583 SIDRA TARIQ
657 575 ARSALAN ALI
658 7928 MUHAMMAD SHAMAEL SHAFI
659 6971 JAMAL NASIR
660 7414 MUHAMMAD ADNAN SATTAR
661 5081 NAUSHABA
662 4675 JUNAID ANAM
663 4185 ABRAIZ MUZAFFAR SHAIKH
664 4933 MUHAMMAD MOHSIN
665 13634 SYEDA TAUSEEF ZAHRA
666 12129 SOBIA ZIA
667 6065 AMNA ASIF
668 10517 AAIDA QURESHI
669 7439 MUHAMMAD AKMAL KHAN
670 11211 KHALID USMAN KHAN
671 7062 KAUSAR PARVEEN
672 5937 ALI ARIF
673 735 ABDULLAH NAWAZ CHEEMA
674 4842 MUHAMMAD AFZAL
675 10742 ASIF ZAHOOR KHATTAK
676 4296 AMIRUDDIN
677 14267 RAZA ALI SOOMRO
678 1705 AMJAD HUSSAIN
679 8769 SAROOSH DANISH
680 8003 MUHAMMAD UMER FAROOQ
681 2683 FAHID ULLAH KHAN BANNUZAI
682 5786 ADIL JAVED
683 6308 AZMAT ULLAH 9
684 7478 MUHAMMAD AQIB HAFEEZ
685 13492 SAHIRA YASIN
686 13453 RIAZ AKBAR
687 3347 MUHAMMAD SHOAIB TUFAIL CHEEMA
688 13813 KANEEZ FATIMA
689 9781 WAQAR AHMED
690 5008 MUHAMMAD YAMEEN
691 12673 MUHAMMAD RAZA
692 3662 SAFDAR HUSSAIN
693 5876 AHMED RAO
694 9854 ARSLAN JAVED
695 9335 UNAIZA UZAIR
696 5875 AHMED RAFEE
697 9214 TAHIRA IJAZ
698 9282 TOSEEF UR REHMAN
699 9732 RASHID U RAHMAN
700 11794 RAHAT ULLAH
701 5612 ZAHID
702 8437 RANA REHAN
703 8206 NAUMAN ASAD NASEEM
704 8215 NAVEED AHMED
705 3831 SHEHRYAR ATIQUE
706 6171 ASHAR JAVED
707 8444 RANA WAQAS ASGHER
708 11342 MUDDASIR SHAH
709 9253 TASAWAR IQBAL KHAN
710 3271 MUHAMMAD KASHIF YAQOOB CHEEMA
711 13029 FAIQA ANAM
712 1563 SYEDA QAMAR BATOOL
713 6751 HASRAT ALI KHAN
714 4619 IMRAN KHAN
715 14151 AZHAR ALI
716 9849 ANILA FARHAT
717 292 WAJID KHAN
718 6137 ARSHAD MEHMOOD
719 8737 SANAILA SARWAR
720 8642 SAJID IQBAL
721 3351 MUHAMMAD TAHIR KHAN
722 7366 MUDASSAR HASSAN
723 9568 ZOBIA HANIF
724 9740 SADAKAT HUSSAIN
725 2879 IMRANULLAH
726 10667 AMNA KHAN SIAVI
727 7702 MUHAMMAD JAHANGEER
728 10959 HAMEED SHAH
729 14075 SAIQA IQBAL
730 7745 MUHAMMAD KHUBAIB BAJWA
731 7466 MUHAMMAD AMJAD ATTA KHAN
732 7226 MARIA JABEEN
733 1536 SARNAILA SHARIF
734 10054 MUHAMMAD IMRAN
735 7363 MUDASSAR FAREED AWAN
736 6107 ANUM AKBER
737 6674 HAFIZ NAVEED ASLAM
738 13961 SYEDA ZAHRA BOKHARI
739 14004 ASMA ARSHAD
740 12992 ATTIA SULTANA
741 11077 IRFAN ALI
742 6892 IMRAN MAHMOOD
743 8932 SHEHBAZ YASEEN
744 10282 SYYED ADNAN RAHEEL SHAH
745 7629 MUHAMMAD HAMMAD ANWAR
746 2921 JAVED HUSSAIN
747 2608 AYAZ ALI
748 14165 FAROOQ HUSSAIN MUSHTAQ
749 8741 SANIA ALI
750 2689 FAISAL SARDAR
751 5064 NAEEM UR REHMAN
752 13311 MUHAMMAD NASIR JAVID
753 3943 SYEDA SADAF KAZMI
754 1477 NASEEM ARSHAD
755 13197 MAHMOOD HUSSAIN
756 7783 MUHAMMAD NADEEM
757 7570 MUHAMMAD DANIAL HISHAM
758 11364 MUHAMMAD ALI
759 14102 WAQAR U NISA
760 10672 ANEELA FAHIM
761 8644 SAJID MEHMOOD
762 12349 ZEB ALAM KHAN
763 10387 SHUGAFTA FAYAZ
764 7632 MUHAMMAD HANIF
765 7463 MUHAMMAD AMJAD
766 2129 RASOOL BAKHSH
767 13480 SABAH IFFAT
768 856 HAFIZ KAMRAN YOUNIS
769 9514 ZAIB UR REHMAN
770 11427 MUHAMMAD FAROOQ AHMAD
771 7130 LALAH RUKH RASHID
772 5894 AHSAN ALI SHAHID 10
773 9231 TANVEER HAIDER KHAN
774 6420 FAHIM SHAH
775 13477 SABA AKBER
776 1745 AYAZ ALI JALALANI
777 2630 BEHJAT ZUHAIRA
778 2680 FAHAM MASUD
779 2071 NAEEM AHMED
780 6424 FAISAL AHMAD BASHIR
781 6160 ASAD SHAKUR
782 8104 MUHAMMAD ZIA UD DIN
783 2962 KASHIF ALI
784 7125 KIRAN SHAHBAZ
785 7625 MUHAMMAD HAMAISH MUHTSHIM
786 6297 AZHAR ALI
787 11984 SHABANA ABID
788 4402 BARKAT ALI NAPAR


Note:-

i. Marks obtained by the candidates will be communicated to them individually in due course of time.

ii. Success in this examination confers no right to appointment, which will be subject to availability of vacancies in the respective quotas.

iii. The result can also be seen at FPSC’s website www.fpsc.gov.pk.

vi. The salient features of the result are as under;-
Candidates Appeared : 10066
Candidates qualified : 788
Male Candidates : 588
Female Candidates : 200
Pass percentage : 7.8%

v. Amongst the top 10 candidates, 02 belong to Sindh (R), 01 to Sindh (U) and rest are from Punjab inclusive of 02 females.

(Ramiz Ahmad)
Director Incharge (E)

HOW TO ATTEMPT COMPREHENSION QUESTION (Continued)

Comprehension (continued)

Comprehension of an unseen prose passage forms quite an important part of CSS/PCS English. You may be asked to answer given questions on it or make a précis of it.


In either case you will have to comprehend it thoroughly and interpret it correctly. You will have to read the passage twice or thrice in order to grasp its meaning. The first reading of the passage will enable you to know its theme; its second reading will enable you to find out the author’s approach. The third reading will give you the salient points the passage contains.

While reading the passage for the first time, mark all the words and phrases of which the exact significance is not known to you. Consult a good dictionary to know their meaning. Take note of all the similes, metaphors, and other figures of speech and find out their significance in the context.

After having done all this, you will have thorough understanding of the passage. This is comprehension. You are now in a position to interpret it, i.e. to explain certain points in the passage by answering given questions.

You may be asked to explain what the author means by a certain sentence. You may be asked to show its significance in the context. You may be asked to comment on the passage as a whole. You may be asked to criticise the general argument of the passage, stating whether or not you agree with the author’s argument and your reasons for doing it. You may be asked to write a note on the style and character of the author as revealed in the passage. You may be asked to explain certain words and phrases and to use them in sentences of your own. You may be asked to explain certain points in the passage. If the passage is one of reasoned argument, you may be asked to point out flaws, if any, in the argument.

Generally speaking, you are asked to answer questions on the given passage. Your answers should be clear and concise. Write them in simple, idiomatic English. Never forget that the answers must be written in your own English. Let your answers be relevant and to the point. Say just what the question asks and say it in complete sentences.

Here is a solved example:



An unseen passage (comprehension)

A classless society does not mean a society without leaders. It means rather one in which every citizen becomes for the first time eligible for leadership, if he has the power to lead. It means a society in which everyone is given, as far as possible, the chance to develop this power by the widest diffusion of educational opportunities in the broadest sense, and by keeping the career wide open to talents of every useful kind. It is often said that a community of equals will not allow itself to be led. But, in fact, most men are, in most things, very willing to be led, and in danger of giving their leaders too rather than too little authority, especially if they are free to choose them, and assured that the leaders cannot exploit them for personal economic advantage; leadership so far from disappearing, will come into its own in a truly democratic society. But it is likely to be a more diffused leadership than we are used to; for a better nurtured people will have more citizens with strong wills and minds of their own wishful to lead, some in politics, some in industry, and some in the professions and arts of life.

This is the idea of the classless society. Some will reject it as contrary to their interests, some as Utopian and “against human nature”, for there are some who deny, indeed if not in word, that the aim of society should be to promote the greatest happiness and welfare of the greatest number, and others who hold, with pessimistic honesty, that most men must be driven and not led.

Read the above passage and answer the following questions in your own words:

Q.1. What is a “classless society” according to the writer of the above passage?
Q.2. Does the write believe that “a community of equals” will refuse to follow a leader?
Q.3. How will different types of people receive the idea of the classless society?

Solution:

Ans.1. A classless society, according to the writer, does not mean a leaderless society or a society that will reject a leader. It means a society in which everyone will find adequate opportunities of developing his qualities of leadership to be used for the benefit of society.

Ans.2. The writer does not believe that a community of equals will refuse to follow a leader. The writer believers, on the contrary, that most men are quite willing to follow their leaders if only they are assured that they will not become authoritarian and selfish. Indeed, when people are free to choose their leaders, and are confident of their social commitment, they are likely to give their leader too much rather than too little authority to lead them. Indeed, in a classless society, leadership will become truly democratic.

Ans.3. Different types of people will reject the idea of a classless society for different reasons. Some will reject it as it will go against their vested interests. Since their position is likely to be affected by it, they will oppose it. Others will think it to be Utopian, unrealistic impracticable, or unrealizable, because such an idea militates “against human nature” which supports inequality and difference. They, therefore, do not agree with the view that society should aim at promoting the greatest happiness and welfare of the greatest number. Finally, there are those who will reject the idea of a classless society because their experience has made them cynical in their view of human beings. With “pessimistic honesty”, that is with honesty and without any hope of improvement, they believe that most men are unfit for enlightened leadership and that they are fit only to be driven, or forced to do things.

Prof Muzaffar Bokhari (Retd)

NTS Analytical Reasoning Solved Examples

Solved Examples (Analytical Reasoning)

Directions: The following questions are based on a passage or set of conditions. To answer the question, choose the answer you think is most appropriate among the given options.

Questions 1-3

Three men (Tahir, Pervaiz and Javed) and three women (Elena, Ayesha and Kiran) are spending a few months at Abbottabad. They are to stay in a row of nine cottages, each one living in his or her own cottage. There are no others staying in the same row of houses.

1. Ayesha, Tahir and Javed do not want to stay in any cottage, which is at the end of the row.
2. Elena and Ayesha are unwilling to stay besides any occupied cottage.
3. Kiran is next to Pervaiz and Javed.
4. Between Ayesha and Javed's cottage there is just one vacant house.
5. None of the girls occupies adjacent cottages.
6. The house occupied by Tahir is next to an end cottage.

1

Which of the above statements can be said to have been derived from two other statements?

1. Statement 1
2. Statement 2
3. Statement 3
4. Statement 5
5. Statement 6

(D). Statement 5 is the one that is derived from Statement 2 and Statement 3 because in these two statements girls are not surrounded by boys.

2

How many of them occupy cottages next to a vacant cottage?

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
5. 6

(C). We can see that Elena, Ayesha, Javed and Tahir live next to vacant rooms.

3

Which among these statement(s) are true?

1. Ayesha is between Elena and Javed.
2. At the most four persons can have occupied cottages on either side of them.
3. Tahir stays besides Pervaiz.

1. I only
2. II only
3. I and III only
4. II and III only
5. I, II and III

(C). We can see that Ayesha is in between Elena and Javed. Moreover, Tahir and Pervaiz live side by side. So statement I and III are true.

Questions 4-6

An Internal Services Manager at large corporation has been assigned the task of allotting offices to six of the staff members. The offices are titled A through F.
Mrs. Ruby needs to use the telephone quite often throuhout the day. Mr. Mujahid and Mr. Zahid need adjacent offices as they need to consult each otheroften while working. mrs. Fauzia is a senior employee and has to be allotted the office marked E, having the biggest window.
Mr. Abid requires silence in the offices next to his. Mr. Shahid, Mr. Mujahid and Mr. Abid are all smokers. Mr. Fauzia requires non-smoker neighbours.
Unless specifically stated all the employees maintain an atmosphere of silence during office hours.

4

The ideal candidate to occupy the office farthest from Mr. Zahid would be

1. Mrs. Fauzia
2. Mr. Mujahid
3. Mr. Shahid
4. Mr. Abid
5. Mrs. Ruby

(D). Abid will be the farthest person from Mr. Zahid. Abid (A), Shahid (B), Mujahid (C), Zahid (D), Fauzia (E) Ruby (F). Abid will live in A, because he could get silence attaet at one side of his room.

5

The three employees who are smokers should be seated in the offices

1. A, B and D
2. B, C and F
3. A, B and E
4. A, B and C
5. A, B and F

(D). Abid, Shahid and Mujahid are smokers live in A, B & C because any one of them can't live at D & F beacuse Fauzia in office E wants non-smoker at her adjacent offices.

6

The ideal office for Mr. Mujahid would be

1. B
2. F
3. A
4. C
5. D

(D). Mr. Mujahid would live in office C, because Zahid and Mujahid live next to each other. Moreover Mujahid is smoker and can't live next to Miss Fauzia.

Questions 7-11

Two or more tea leaves out of five varieties-- Livana, Mathia, Novajana, Oxia and Piask are used in making all branded blends by a marketer following the rules given below:
A brand containing Livana, should also contain Novajana twice that of Livana.
A brand containing Mathia, must also have equal quantity of Oxia.
A single brand never contains Novajana as well as Oxia.
Oxia and Piask should not be used together.
A blend containing Piask should contain it in such a proportion that the total amount of Piask present should be greater than the total amount of the other tea leaves.

7

Among the following which is an acceptable brand in accordance with the rules?

1. One part Livana, one part Piask
2. Two parts Mathia, two parts Livana
3. Three parts Novajana, three parts Livana
4. Four parts Oxia, four parts Mathia
5. Five parts Piask, five parts Mathia

(D). Four parts Oxia & four parts Mathia would be an ideal mixture because it doesn't violate any condition & satisfy all of them. The one which is concerned with this mixture is that there must be equal proportion of Oxia & Mathia.

8

Adding more amount of Novajana will make which of the following brands conformable with the conditions?

1. One part Livana, one part Novajana, five parts Piask
2. Two parts Mathia, two parts Novajana, two parts Piask
3. One part Mathia, one part Novajana, one part Piask
4. Two parts Mathia, one part Novajana, four parts Piask
5. Two parts Novajana, one part Oxia, three parts Piask

(A). If we add 1 more part of Novajana, mixture would become
2 parts novajana
1 part Livana
5 parts Piask.

9

Among the following, the addition of which combination would make a brand containing two parts Novajana and one part Piask conformable with the conditions?

1. One part Livana
2. One part Mathia
3. Two parts of Novajana
4. One part Oxia
5. Two parts Piask

(E). If we add 2 more parts of Piask, it would dominate the amount of Novajana in the mixture. All conditions satisfied.

10

Among the following, which combination cannot be used together in an agreeable brand containing two or more types of tea leaves?

1. Livana and Mathia
2. Livana and Novajana
3. Livana and Piask
4. Mathia and Oxia
5. Piask and Novajana

(A). If Livana is included, two parts of Novajana must be included. Mathia comes with Oxia and now this becomes a combination of 4 i.e. Livana, Novajana, Mathia and Oxia where Oxia and Novajana can't come together. Hence A is the one that is not possible.

11

Among the below mentioned brands, which can be made agreeable by the eliminating some or all of one type of tea leaves?

1. One part Livana, one part Mathia, one part Novajana, four parts Piask
2. One part Livana, two parts Novajana, one part Oxia, four parts Piask
3. One part Livana, one part Mathia, one part Oxia, one part Piask
4. Two parts Livana, two parts Novajana, one part Oxia, two parts Piask
5. Two parts Mathia, one part Novajana, two parts Oxia, three parts Piask

(B). If we remove the only part of Oxia, the combination becomes 1 Livana, 2 Navajana and 4 Piask. This combination satisfies all the conditions.

Questions 12-17

Nine individuals - Z, Y, X, W, V, U, T, S and R - are the only candidates, who can serve on three committees labeled A, B and C.
Each candidate should serve on exactly one of the committees.
Committee A should consist of exactly one member more than that of committee B.
It is possible that there are no members of committee C. Among Z, Y and X none can serve on committee A. Among W, V and U none can serve on committee B. Among T, S and R none can serve on committee C.

12

In case T and Z are the individuals serving on committee B, how many of the nine individuals should serve on committee C?

1. 3
2. 4
3. 5
4. 6
5. 7

(B). If two persons serve in committee B, then three would in A & B. The rest 4 of the persons would serve in C.

13

Of the nine individuals, the largest number that can serve together on committee C is

1. 9
2. 8
3. 7
4. 6
5. 5

(D). If one works in committee B, now two persons have to work in A, the rest 6 will serve in C, moreover, the persons serving in committee A & B are R, S and T because they can't serve in committee C.

14

In case R is the only individual serving on committee B, which among the following should serve on committee A?

1. w and S
2. V and U
3. V and T
4. U and S
5. T and S

(E). S and T can't serve in committee C, therefore, these two will have to serve in committee A. Moreover, one person in B means two persons in A.

15

In case, any of the nine individuals serves on committee C, which among the following could not be the candidate to serve on committee A?

1. R
2. Y
3. W
4. T
5. S

(C). Now we are left with two conditions i.e.
A can't have X, Y and Z
B can't have U, V and W
Therefore, A can have U, V, W, R, S and T, the only available option is W which can serve on committee A.

16

In case T, S and X are the only individuals serving on committe B, the total membership of committee C should be:

1. Z and Y
2. Z and W
3. Y and V
4. Y and U
5. X and V

(A). If S, T and X are living in B then four persons must be in A. Four persons serving in A would be R, U, B and W. Y & Z can't serve in committee A as per conditions. Therefore only Y & Z are possible candidates to serve in C.

17

Among the following combinations which could constitute the membership of committee C?

1. Y and T
2. X and U
3. Y, X and W
4. W, V and U
5. Z, X, U and R

(B).

A	B	C
2	1	6
3	2	4
4	3	2
5	4	0

From the above table, it becomes evident that even number of candidates would serve in C and those would not include R, S and T. The only option that contains even number of candidates and the option that do not include R, S and T, is option B i.e. X and U

Questions 18-23

Four captains and the first mates of three of them were called to attend the annual meeting at head quarters. The captains were Luqman, manzoor, Nauman and Osaf; the first mates were Ayesha, Durya and Gia. Eacg person in turn delivered a report to the chairperson as follows:
Each of the first mates delivered their report exactly after her captain. The first captain to speak was Manzoor and captain Nauman spoke after him.
(Represent the person with first letter of his name)

18

Which of the following order of delivering report is not conformable with the conditions?

1. M, A, N, G, O, L, D
2. M, D, N, G, L, O, A
3. M, N, A, L, D, O, G
4. M, N, A, O, D, L, G
5. M, N, G, D, O, L, A

(E). Option E says,
Manzoor - Nauman - Gia - Durya - Osaf - Luqman - Ayesha
From condition, it is sure that two mates can never be together. Moreover, please note that two captains can come consectively because one captain has no mate.

19

In case A is the third of the first mates to speak, and L is the captain Whose first mate is not present, which among the following statements must be true?

1. A spoke sometime before L.
2. D spoke sometime before O.
3. L spoke sometime before O.
4. O spoke sometime before L.
5. O spoke sometime before N.

(B). Manzoor (1), Nauman (2), Luqman, Osaf, Ayesha
Manzoor (1), Nauman (2), Osaf, Ayesha, Luqman
At position 1 and 2 any of the two mates D & G can be accommodated. We can see that in both these situations Durya is going to speak before Osaf. From condition, it is sure that two mates can never be together. Moreover, please note that two captains can come consectively because one captain has no mate.

20

Among the following statements, which statement must be true?

1. In case the second speaker was a captain, the seventh speaker was a first mate.
2. In case the second speaker was a first mate, the seventh speaker was a captain.
3. In case the third speaker was a first mate, the seventh speaker was a captain.
4. In case the third speaker was a captain, the seventh speaker was a first mate.
5. In case the seventh speaker was a first mate, the first and third speakers were captains.

(A). If second speaker was captain, then the first captain is without mate. The sequence become

C	C	M	C	M	C	M
1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Hence, 7th speaker would be a first mate.

21

In case, A spoke immediately after L and immediately before O, and O was not the last speaker, L spoke

1. second
2. third
3. fourth
4. fifth
5. sixth

(C). The condition given shows that L, A and O speak consecutively. Now before L, M and N must also speak and at last one of M and N has his mate. Therefore M, N and O one mate occupies first 3 positions and L would be at the 4th position.

22

In case L speaks after A, and A is the third of the first mates to speak, then among the following statements which would be untrue?

1. O spoke immediately after G
2. The order of the first four speakers was M, G, N, D.
3. O’s first mate was present
4. A was the fourth speaker after M
5. The captains spoke in the order M, N, O, L

(D).

23

Among the following statements, which would make M, D, N, G, L, O, A the only possible sequence of speakers?

1. D is M’s first mate; G is N’s first mate; A is O’s first mate.
2. D is M’s first mate; G is N’s first mate; A was the second to speak after L.
3. The order of the first four speakers was M, D, N, G.
4. The order of the last three speakers was L, O, A.
5. The order in which the captains spoke was M, N, L, O.

(B). If D is first mate of M and G is N’s first mate and A is the second to speak after L, then N D N G L O A.

HOW TO ATTEMPT COMPREHENSION QUESTION

HOW TO ATTEMPT COMPREHENSION QUESTION

Comprehension of a passage is generally difficult for most candidates because the topics are varied.

They may be about medicine, science and technology, religion or philosophy. Some of the subjects discussed may not be familiar to you. Here speed as well as understanding of the contents of the given passage is of the essence because in every competitive examination, several such passages are given. Comprehension tests ascertain your ability to understand the passage and remember its main points. Questions on the passage are mostly fact-based. In some cases, the candidates are asked to draw inferences from what is stated or implied in the passage. Such passages are difficult and need a lot of practice.

GUIDELINES
1. Read newspapers and magazines regularly.

2. Give yourself an environment of English; converse in English with your friends and peers.

3. Read the first few lines (or the paragraph) very carefully as this part generally contains the central idea of the passage.

4. Develop a sense of urgency while reading the passage.

5. Practise at least one typical passage under test conditions every day. Give yourself five to seven minutes to read a small passage and ten to fifteen minutes in case of a long passage.

6. Take random selection book test. This means take a good book and open it randomly at any page. Select one paragraph. Give yourself five minutes to read the passage. Take a blank sheet of paper and note down all the information you can recall from what you have just read. Then, go back to the page and check what you have missed out. Do this at least twice a day. Gradually try and reduce the time to three minutes per page.

7. Have a clear and logical thought process. Do not clutter your brain with unnecessary and irrelevant thoughts and details.

IN THE EXAMINATION HALL
1. Read the passage at least twice and understand its contents well. This should not take more than five minutes for a small and ten for a long passages.

2. Do not read the questions first. This may tempt you to look for only particular information in the passage and consequently, affect full comprehension. It is important to first understand the passage before you go to the questions because if the questions are not very specific, you may commit a lot of mistakes. Generally, the passages have a mix of implied ideas and specific detail type of questions.

3. Eliminate regression, i.e., going back to the lines you have just read. This is out of habit developed over years of wrong or half-hearted reading. This must be done away with as the maximum time you should take to answer all the questions after reading a passage is about seven minutes. Regression is the result of lack of concentration and assumptions.

4. Do not let your own knowledge (or lack of it) interfere with the contents of the passage. Do not make any attempt to agree or disagree with the author.
5. Your principal task in attempting a comprehension passage should comprise:

i. Finding the topic. The topic must be precise. Generally the topic is found either in the first or in the last line.

ii. Finding the main idea. This can be a definition, a classification, a purpose or an elaboration of the topic; often the topic and the main idea are the same.

iii. Finding major supporting details. The supporting details modify, explain or elaborate the main idea. You should learn to recognize these supporting details that explain, illustrate, compare and contrast, show cause-effect relationship or merely restate the main idea in other words.

6. Underline the words you don’t know the meaning of. Try to relate them to the given context.

7. Resort to sentence analysis and break a sentence into parts, looking for answers to who, what, whom, when, where, which, why and how.

8. Locate reference words and check what they refer to.

9. Underline signal words and look for what they indicate.

10. If the passage contains more than one paragraph, resort to paragraph analysis in the manner given above (5 to 10).

A SOLVED EXAMPLE
Long ago Emerson wrote.” A man’s task is his life preserver.” This seems to be remarkably correct in our modern life. The man without a task is like a ship without ballast and anchor; he is all too often merely a drifter. Very few men seem to have initiative enough to choose a task for themselves if they do not need to work. When the inevitable disappointments come, as they assuredly will, they are completely overwhelmed. But the man who has his task has no time for vain regrets; he escapes the disastrous fate which over takes his less fortunate brothers. Work is one of the greatest safety-valves which was ever invented, and the youths especially need it.

We sometimes pity the man who is a slave to his task, and perhaps we are right; but a man who has no task is a slave to his ennui, which is very much worse. Even a disagreeable task is better than none; the man who does work which is disagreeable to him will yet live more happily, than if he had had no task at all.
And the man with the task is easier to live with, and will prove a more contented citizen, and a more valuable one, than the one who lacks such a task. Even so-called invalids are often the better for some task which is suited to their powers, and they often live all the longer if they work hard. The man who starts life with a solid task which taxes his powers had better thank God, and do his best, for this is one of humanity’s greatest boons.

Questions:
1- What disadvantages will a man without a task suffer?
2- Why is even disagreeable task considered better than none?
3- In what ways is a man with some task the better for it?

Answers:
1- A man without a task, that is, purposeful work, will lack both will and direction. He will not be able to engage himself in any useful activity. Consequently he will neither work nor achieve anything. He will simply stagnate, suffer disappointments, and bring ruin upon himself.

2- A man without any work to do will inevitably lead a life of boredom and lethargic inactivity. Such a life will be one of unchanging monotony and misery. It is, therefore, better to be engaged in any task whatsoever, even if it be an unpleasant one, than to have nothing to do and suffer endless boredom and unhappiness.

3- A man who has some work, or who is usefully employed, will be a more contented person and also easier to live with than a man without any work. Work has a therapeutic value in the case of invalids, for if they are purposefully employed, according to their capabilities, they will add years to their life. Work is a life preserver; it helps a man to live longer and more happily than a man who has no task in life.


Prof Muzaffar Bokhari (Retd)

Peace or chaos beyond 2014?

 Peace or chaos beyond 2014?

By Shamshad Ahmad

April 26, 2013

The writer is a former ambassador to the UN and a former foreign secretary of Pakistan.


“South Asia is fast approaching a period of profound change and potential upheaval” is the assessment in Washington as we await the 2014 Afghan withdrawals and pivotal elections in the region, with growing domestic political strife raising concerns over the region’s future political landscape. Indeed, the horizon looks hazy and unclear if not murky. There are many imponderables on the very nature of the stipulated end-state in Afghanistan.

In the absence of a coherent dialogue strategy, Washington’s haphazard approach has not gone beyond tactically-motivated perfunctory contacts with so-called Taliban ‘representatives’ through third parties. Even these contacts do not seem to give any direction towards a political solution. No meaningful dialogue can take place in an environment of mutual mistrust and suspicion. While Washington’s attention right now may be focused on turning the page over from Afghanistan, one doesn’t see any peace plan on its part other than the stipulated military withdrawal by the end of 2014.

The only visible plan is the one envisaging Afghans to take “full control of their own security”. This transition, in the Afghan context, is easier said than done. There are serious doubts on the feasibility of recruiting and training as many as 400,000 Afghan security forces to take over as the foreign troops start pulling out. No transition process can work in Afghanistan unless it is built on the country’s demographic reality and is not weighted in favour of, or against, any particular ethnic group. The country is too large, its ethnic composition too varied, and population too heavily armed.

No army or police force without genuinely reflecting the Afghan ethnic reality can deliver in this scenario. While the US wants both Afghanistan and Pakistan to do more to facilitate the transition, there are doubts and apprehensions in both countries on the very viability of the whole process. For them, the US withdrawal is not the issue. They want it. The issue of concern to them is the very premise on which the proposed transition is based. The US needs to overcome the ‘trust deficit’ it faces in both countries where many believe that its whole Afghan policy is confined to its own self-serving regional interests.

Apparently, the US is looking only for a tactical Afghan ‘stalemate’ in which it can withdraw by December 2014 but not entirely. It plans to keep a certain size of military presence as a ‘counterterrorism’ mission. Those familiar with Afghan history know what it means for any foreign presence on its soil beyond 2014, no matter under what arrangement or nomenclature. No reconciliation imposed from outside will work in Afghanistan. Afghans alone must be the arbiters of their destiny.

The foremost requisite for any dialogue in a conflict situation is to hold fire and not to let military means disrupt the political process. The road map for peace in Afghanistan must also begin with mutual cessation of hostilities followed by dialogue with sincerity of purpose on both sides. However, before sitting together for a meaningful dialogue, both sides will have to come out of their straitjacketed mode to be able to have enough flexibility for a political settlement.

Given the intensity of deeply seared trust deficit on both sides, the UN alone can provide a neutral ground and credible mechanism for the main players to negotiate the Afghan peace. Once the rules of the game are established in good faith, instead of aimlessly pursuing further tactical objectives, it would be advisable for both sides to move into serious talks through a credible intermediary, preferably a special representative of the UN Secretary-General to lead the mediation phase.

But if the UN is no longer considered the sole, meaningful arbiter on issues of global peace and security, the US and Nato, rather than pursuing further tactical objectives, should move ahead with serious contacts with the Afghan Taliban. In this process, Pakistan’s intercession as a helping hand would be useful in evolving the broad parameters of an eventual settlement for which the UN could, at least, provide facilitation services. On their part, the Taliban must also join the peace process in good faith and with seriousness of purpose.

Fortunately, there are no longer preconditions on either side for the talks to begin. The US already recognises the Taliban as part of the Afghan ‘political fabric’ and is ready to negotiate with them a political settlement leading to the withdrawal of foreign troops in return for the Taliban’s acceptance of a constitutional set-up in Afghanistan and severance of links with al Qaeda and any other terrorist networks.

Whether one likes it or not, Pakistan’s geopolitics makes it an unrivalled player in the whole process for genuine Afghan peace. No other country has paid greater price or suffered more gravely in the ongoing Afghan turmoil. Besides facing the brunt in an al Qaeda-led war with almost 50,000 Pakistani civilian and security personnel having lost their lives in terrorist attacks in the last few years, it has been suffering immeasurably in terms of protracted violence, massive displacement, trade and production slowdown, investor hesitation, and worsening law and order situation.

There is no other country in the world with deeper stakes in Afghan peace. It is in its interest to have an independent, friendly and united Afghanistan, free of foreign influences. Besides sharing a long border, both Afghanistan and Pakistan have unparalleled common ancestral history, civilisational legacy and deep cultural links. There is also a long history of physical contact and mutual influence between the two nations, with large segments of Pakistani culture representing the byproduct of Afghan culture.

Whatever the endgame, Pakistan’s active and direct involvement would be indispensable for durable peace in Afghanistan. But for Pakistan to play its indispensable role effectively in the Afghan peace process, its legitimate concerns will have to be addressed by ensuring that the Afghan soil is not used for undermining its security and territorial integrity. Likewise, it is also important that the peace settlement in Afghanistan is fully cognisant of the security concerns of the states in the region and the broader international community.