Foreign policy challenges

 Foreign policy challenges

 By Moeed Yusuf | 6/10/2013

ONE of the first things Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif did after taking oath was to send a message outlining his foreign policy priorities to Pakistani missions abroad.

The move reflects his interest in getting Pakistan`s foreign relations right and signals this intent to the implementers of the county`s foreign policy vision around the world. There was one observation, though not unexpected, that is nonetheless noteworthy: the importance he laid on Pakistan`s neighbourhood.

Reorienting Pakistan`s focus to theSouth Aslan region In a positive way, especially with regard to India, will be no mean feat. No one knows this better than Mr Sharif given his experience with attempts to improve Indo-Pak ties during his last stint.

Much has beenwritten about the substantive issues and disputes at hand. Let me, instead, focus on a seemingly more mundane, but nonetheless critical, issue of getting the management of the foreign policy machinery right. Without this, the government is sure to fall short on the substance.

To begin with, Sharif needs someone to take charge of the situation. Any confusion in the roles of the key people will only allow detractors to stonewall positive initiatives. His decision to not appoint a full time foreign minister is disturbing in this regard. Prime ministers holding on to such portfolios can work when the foreign policy direction of a country is likely to be a continuation of the status quo. In such cases, the bureaucracy keeps chugging along with its routines and the prime minister, in his capacity as foreign minister, only has to tinker on the edges.

If the goal is truly transformative, though, a full-time, empowered manager who commands respect and has some expertise in the subject is likely to be your best bet. Also, in the Pakistani context, a disempowered foreign minister much less an absent one always tends to force important foreign actors to go knocking at GHQ`s doors to get the job done. This is exactly the opposite of what Sharif wants; ostensibly, his decision tokeep the portfolio is driven by this concern in the first place.

Sharif has already decided on his two principal foreign policy managers: Sartaj Aziz and Tariq Fatemi. Both are solid choices. But in the absence of a minister (or till one of them is brought into that role) they need the right kind of empowerment to pull off the task Sharif has outlined for them and those who would be working for them in the foreign ministry. A clear signal to this effect needs to come from the prime minister.

Disturbingly, some PML-N members confide that this may not happen for purely parochial reasons to do withinternal party politics.

Next, one shouldn`t overlook the challenge these officials will face in getting a team in place that shares the prime minister`s vision. Some would argue that perhaps even they don`t fully buy into it.

Even if so, they given their proximity to the prime minister and his faith in them will have little difficulty in rallying behind him. The real challenge will be to pick likeminded people for key ambassadorial positions and desks in the ministry.

At least on India and Afghanistan, this is not only about finding the brightest and the best. The problem is that the Foreign Office`s traditional outlook on these countries has never been too different from that of the security establishment. Sharif`s vision is light years ahead and it will require quite a jolt to this highly competent, yet characterised by inertia, machinery to get the ball rolling. You need people truly ideologically invested in his vision to take the lead.

The mother of all challenges, however, is undoubtedly going to lie in the civilmilitary domain. The security establishment and sections of the Foreign Office most closely aligned with its vision have run the country`s India and Afghanistan policy for years. There is no way to make a clean break from that, especially ayear before the 2014 Nato exit from Afghanistan. Sharif`s team will have to work this incrementally and without considering the military a competitor.

The most crucial role for Nawaz`s core team will be to act as credible and effective interlocutors between the prime minister`s office and the GHQ.

The best-case scenario is that the civilian and military enclaves have frank and regular conversations and agree on a joint agenda to move forward on regional relations and other priorities. The more probable and less attractive possibility is that, in typical Pakistani style, sycophants in trying to appear moreloyal than the king will begin to saturate both the prime minister and the military top brass with rumours and stories that confirm their worst fears about the other and end up encouraging a rift.

Here, the role of the prime minister`steam will be pivotal. They will have to be the loudest credible voices he can hear and believe. And they will have to prevent such a rift at all costs. Similarly, the military will have to keep its side in check and take the shifting institutional equilibrium in favour of the civilians in its stride rather than seeing this as a dent to personal and institutional egos.

Finally, if the boss`s vision relies on out-of-the-box thinking, the bureaucratic machinery also needs the same. It may not hurt for the Foreign Office to formally coordinate two working groups, one comprising retired senior diplomats and another of independent Pakistani experts in the field. The institution can only gain from regular and streamlined interaction with individuals in both these categories. Too little of it has traditionally taken place. A change here simply can`t hurt.

Above all, all stakeholders including the prime minister himself will have to exhibit patience. The reorientation is going to be a slow and cumbersome process. This is not only because of the challenges discussed here but also because there are any number of detractions on the Indian and Afghan sides as well. •

(From Dawn News)

CSS 2014 SCREENING TEST SYLLABUS (TEST ON 15-92013)

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION (CSS) 2014.

SYLLABI FOR CSS SCREENING TEST (MCQs)

Total Marks: 200

Total Time : 03:00 hrs

 

Part-I: English (weightage = 20%)

Vocabulary, Grammar usage, Comprehension

Part-II: General Abilities (weightage = 20%)

a) Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry, (SSC Level)

b) Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability

c) General Mental Ability

Part-III: General Knowledge (weightage 15x3 = 45%)

a) Everyday Science  (15%)

b) Current Affairs (15%)

c) Pakistan Affairs (15%)

Part-IV: Islamiat (weightage = 15%)

Note: (i).  The detailed syllabi of topics (part-I, III & IV) are the same as for

compulsory subjects (Annex-B).

(ii).  The non muslim candidate may not attempt part-IV Islamiat, their

marks in Pakistan Affairs part-III (c) shall be counted in lieu of

Islamiat i.e. their marks in Pakistan Affairs shall be doubled.

Solved Pair of Words of Past Papers (Past 5 Years)

Solved Pair of Words of Past Papers

(Past 5 Years)

English (Précis and Composition) 1972

Consciousness:
Meaning: the state of understanding and realizing something.
Use in sentence: Her consciousness that she's different makes her feel uneasy.

Conscientiousness:
Meaning: putting a lot of effort into your work/ controlled by or done according to conscience
Use in sentence: She has always been a very conscientious worker.

Ingenious:
Meaning: very clever and skilful
Use in sentence: She was ingenious at finding ways to work more quickly.

Ingenuous:
Meaning: honest, sincere and trusting/ showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
Use in sentence: It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage.

Fantastic:
Meaning: extremely good
Use in sentence: You look fantastic in that dress.

Fanatical:
Meaning: describes someone whose admiration for something is considered to be extreme or unreasonable
Use in sentence: His enthusiasm for aerobics was almost fanatical.

Honourable:
Meaning: a title used before the name of some government officials
Use in sentence: The Honourable Andrew Robinson

Honorary:
Meaning: given as an honour to someone
Use in sentence: She received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University in recognition of her work for the homeless.

Politician:
Meaning: a member of a government or law-making organization
Use in sentence: We do not have good politicians in our country.

Statesman:
Meaning: an experienced politician, especially one who is respected for making good judgments
Use in sentence: He was a soldier and statesman.

English (Précis and Composition) 1974

Grateful:
Meaning: showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person
Use in sentence: I'm so grateful (to you) for all that you've done.

Gratified:
Meaning: to please someone, or to satisfy a wish or need
Use in sentence: We were gratified by the response to our appeal.

Imaginary:
Meaning: describes something that is created by and exists only in the mind; that is not real
Use in sentence: As a child I had an imaginary friend called Polly.

Imaginative:
Meaning: of, relating to, or characterized by imagination
Use in sentence: The architects have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic.

Negligent:
Meaning: not being careful or giving enough attention to people or things that are your responsibility
Use in sentence: The judge said that the teacher had been negligent in allowing the children to swim in dangerous water.

Negligible:
Meaning: too slight or small in amount to be of importance
Use in sentence: The difference between the two products is negligible.

Placable:
Meaning: to stop from being angry
Use in sentence: The Canaanites had many gods and they ran here, there and everywhere to placate these gods.

Placeable:
Meaning: capable of being recognized
Use in sentence: An easy thing you could do is making clocks placeable on walls.

Restive:
Meaning: unwilling to be controlled or be patient
Use in sentence: The audience was becoming restive as they waited for the performance to begin.

Restless:
Meaning: unwilling or unable to stay still or to be quiet and calm, because you are worried or bored
Use in sentence: He's a restless type - he never stays in one country for long.

English (Précis and Composition) 1975

Amiable:
Meaning: describes a person or their behavior that is pleasant and friendly
Use in sentence: So amiable was the mood of the meeting that a decision was soon reached.

Amicable:
Meaning: relating to behavior between people that is pleasant often despite a difficult situation
Use in sentence: His manner was perfectly amicable but I felt uncomfortable.

Considerable:
Meaning: large or of noticeable importance
Use in sentence: The fire caused considerable damage to the church.

Considerate:
Meaning: kind and helpful
Use in sentence: She promises to be quieter and more considerate in future.

Ingenious:
Meaning: very clever and skillful
Use in sentence: She was ingenious at finding ways to work more quickly.

Ingenuous:
Meaning: honest, sincere and trusting/ showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
Use in sentence: It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage. (Pair Repeated: 1)

Momentary:
Meaning: lasting for a very short time
Use in sentence: Be careful not to make even momentary short circuits with metal tools.

Momentous:
Meaning: very important because of effects on future events
Use in sentence: Whether or not to move overseas was a momentous decision for the family.

Virtuous:
Meaning: having good moral qualities and behavior
Use in sentence: He described them as a virtuous and hard-working people.

Virtual:
Meaning: describes something that can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without going anywhere or talking to anyone
Use in sentence: In tests, we have found the virtual machine runs at a reasonable speed.

English (Précis and Composition) 1976

Par:
Meaning: the same as or equal to someone or something
Use in sentence: The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with Nice or Cannes.

At a par:
Meaning: A term that refers to a bond, preferred stock or other debt obligation that is trading at its face value.
Use in sentence: Due to ever-changing interest rates, financial instruments almost never trade exactly at par..

Compliment:
Meaning: remark that expresses approval, admiration or respect
Use in sentence: I take it as a compliment when people say I look like my mother.

Complement:
Meaning: to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it
Use in sentence: The music complements her voice perfectly.

Complacent:
Meaning: Satisfied
Use in sentence: We can't afford to become complacent about any of our products.

Complaisant:
Meaning: willing to please; affably agreeable; obliging
Use in sentence: Can we really sit back and watch the suffering of a whole nation and be so complaisant?

State:
Meaning: a country or its government
Use in sentence: Britain is one of the member states of the European Union.

Government:
Meaning: the group of people who officially control a country
Use in sentence: The government is expected to announce its/their tax proposals today.

Eminent:
Meaning: famous, respected or important
Use in sentence: An eminent historian

Prominent:
Meaning: very well-known and important
Use in sentence: The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights.

Below:
Meaning: in a lower position
Use in sentence: From the top of the skyscraper the cars below us looked like insects.

Beneath:
Meaning: in or to a lower position
Use in sentence: Jeremy hid the letter beneath a pile of papers.

Portly:
Meaning: fat and round
Use in sentence: He was a portly figure in a tight-fitting jacket and bow tie.

Comely:
Meaning: describes a woman who is attractive in appearance
Use in sentence: She is very comely.

Setup:
Meaning: the way in which something is set up
Use in sentence: This allows simplified setup of Local Area Networking devices.

Set upon:
Meaning: to attack someone
Use in sentence: He was set upon by a vicious dog.

Shall:
Meaning: used instead of 'will' when the subject is 'I' or 'we'
Use in sentence: Shall we be able to get this finished today, do you think?

Will:
Meaning: used to talk about what is going to happen in the future, especially things that you are certain about or things that are planned
Use in sentence: Clare will be five years old next month.

Sink:
Meaning: to (cause something or someone to) go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance
Use in sentence: Enemy aircraft sank two battleships.

Drown:
Meaning: to (cause to) die by being unable to breathe under water
Use in sentence: He drowned in a boating accident.

English (Précis and Composition) 1977

Altar:
Meaning: a type of table used in ceremonies in a Christian church or in other religious buildings
Use in sentence: A 3rd century Roman pagan altar was also recently found on the site.

Alter:
Meaning: to change something
Use in sentence: We've had to alter some of our plans.

Apposite:
Meaning: suitable and right for the occasion
Use in sentence: It is, however, apposite to note that this process will continue in the year ahead.

Opposite:
Meaning: completely different
Use in sentence: You'd never know they're sisters - they're completely opposite to each other in every way.

Bear:
Meaning: to accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasant
Use in sentence: It's your decision - you must bear the responsibility if things go wrong.

Bare:
Meaning: without any clothes or not covered by anything
Use in sentence: Don't walk around outside in your bare feet.

Complacent:
Meaning: Satisfied
Use in sentence: We can't afford to become complacent about any of our products.

Complaisant:
Meaning: willing to please; affably agreeable; obliging
Use in sentence: Can we really sit back and watch the suffering of a whole nation and be so complaisant? (Pair Repeated: 1)

Confident:
Meaning: having confidence
Use in sentence: Be a bit more confident in yourself!

Confidant:
Meaning: a person you trust and share your feelings and secrets with
Use in sentence: Within a few short years he was a trusted confidant.

Disease:
Meaning: illness of people, animals, plants, etc.
Use in sentence: Starvation and diseases have killed thousands of refugees.

Decease:
Meaning: a person's death
Use in sentence: The house will not be yours till after your mother's decease.

Gate:
Meaning: a part of a fence or outside wall that is fixed at one side and opens and closes like a door
Use in sentence: Take the next right turning through a large iron gate onto a cobbled road.

Gait:
Meaning: a particular way of walking
Use in sentence: He walked with a slow stiff gait.

Judicial:
Meaning: involving a court of law
Use in sentence: The defense team will seek a judicial review of the sentence.

Judicious:
Meaning: having or showing reason and good judgment in making decisions
Use in sentence: We should make judicious use of the resources available to us.

Ingenious:
Meaning: very clever and skillful
Use in sentence: She was ingenious at finding ways to work more quickly.

Ingenuous:
Meaning: honest, sincere and trusting/ showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
Use in sentence: It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage. (Pair Repeated: 2)

Yoke:
Meaning: a wooden bar which is fastened over the necks of two animals, especially cattle, and connected to the vehicle or load that they are pulling
Use in sentence: In just a few weeks another 10 nations, many freed from the yoke of Communist oppression.

Yolk:
Meaning: the yellow, middle part of an egg
Use in sentence: I like eggs lightly cooked so that the yolk is still runny.

Note: There are some papers missing due to Unavailability. I will post the 5 years papers in the sequence again.

SYLLABUS OF (PCS) SINDH/BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION.

SYLLABUS OF (PCS) SINDH/BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION.

SYLLABUS AND STANDARD FOR THE COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIO OF CANDIDATES FOR THE SINDH/BALOCHISTAN CIVIL SERVICE AND SINDH/BALOCHISTAN SECRETARIAT SERVICE.

PCS/BCS.
SINDH/Balochistan Civil Service (Executive Branch) i.e. defunct *** Commission (A.C) group. In 2007, 23 candidates has been declared pass out of 29 vacant posts of A.C by SPSC. Officer belong to this group are posted in the district as DCO’s, AEDO’s, EDO’s in different departments, Secretary of the provincial government and also posted in SINDH/Balochistan Civil Secretariat according to the quota reserved for them.

BSS/PSS
SINDH/Balochistan Civil Secretariat as.
1. Section officer (B-17)
2. Under Secretary/Deputy Secretary (B-18)
3. Additional Secretary (B-19)
4. Secretary, etc (B-20)

EXAMINATION OF PCS/BCS AND PSS/BSS.

PCS Examination is conducted by SPSC according to the vacancies available. Examination are not held on regular basis like CSS, whenever the Provincial Government send the vacancies to Commission than they announce the Examination and their date.
In past before the devolution plan the commission announces the combine examination for the posts of Section Officer and *** Commissioner, but now, the exam of PCS (EB) and PSS was taken separately. The next examination also expected that it would be combine examination of PCS and PSS.

TOTTAL ATTEMTS: Candidates are not allowed to avail more than three attempts.

1. The examination shall include compulsory and optional subjects and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and three of the optional subjects.
2. A candidate shall answer the paper in English unless otherwise directed.
3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as shown in the statement below:

COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

1.English General and English Essay. (Maximum Marks)...100
2.General Paper including Essay in Urdu, Baluchi, Pashto, Sindhi, Punjabi and Brahvi. 100
3.General Knowledge including Every Day Science. 100
4.Islamiat and Pakistan Studies. 100
5.Viva Voce 200

DETAILED SYLLABUS OF COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

1.(a) English: This paper is intended to test the candidate’s command of the English language and may include précis writing, usage of idioms, etc.
(b) English Essay: An Essay to be written in English on one of several specified subjects and is intended to test the candidate’s ability to compose.

2.(a) Essay in Urdu/Sindhi/Pashto/Baluchi & Brahvi: This paper is intended to test the candidate’s command of the language concerned. (b) General Paper in Urdu/Sindhi/Pashto/Baluchi & Brahvi: This paper is intended to test the ability of the candidate’s to write the language fluently and to translate from English in to Language opted. Candidates will be expected to have grasp of the language and to understand poetry and prose, knowledge of literature as such will not form part of this paper.

3.General Knowledge including Every Day Science: This paper is intended to test the candidate’s knowledge of current world affairs and also of broad facts of historical, political, geographical and economic importance. A section will be included to test the candidate’s knowledge and understanding of matters of Every Day Observation and Experience in this scientific aspect. 70 Marks will be allowed for General Knowledge and 30 Marks for Every Day Science.

4.Islamic and Pakistan Studies: The candidate should be able to answer the Questions on the following topics:
i.Shariat-i-Isam and Arkan-i-Islam
ii.Holy Prophet’s life.
iii.Pakistan Movement and Historical features of Pakistan.
NOTE:
Non Muslims shall not be required to answer the questions on Islamic studies, but the paper will carry 100 marks for non-Muslim and for this purpose marks obtained by them will be multiplied by two in tabulation.

5.Viva Voce: The viva voce will be to test the personal qualities of the candidates. This Examination will be in matters of general interest and is intended to test candidate’s alertness, intelligence and general out look. Consideration will also be paid to the bearing and physique of the candidates.

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS OF PCS COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION SINDH/BALOCHISTAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

Every candidate shall take all the COMPULSORY SUBJECTS (Total Marks 400 and interview has 200 Marks) and THREE of the OPTIONAL SUBJECTS (Total: 450, Each subject has150 Marks), subject to the following restrictions.

(a). Not more than two subjects shall be taken from each group.
(b). Not more than two subjects shall be taken from among papers 10, 11,18,19 and 34. (Arabic literature Period-I & II, Islamic History Period-I
& II, Islamiat).

GROUP “A”…Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

1. English literature Period-I…1780-1832
2. English literature Period-II…1832-1901
3. Arabic
4. Persian
5. French
6. Sanskrit
7. Latin
8. German
9. History of Urdu literature
10. Arabic literature Period –I
11. Arabic literature Period-II
12. Persian literature Period-I up to 1500 A.D
13. Persian literature Period-II after 1500 A.D

GROUP “B” …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

14. Indian History Period-I
15. Indian History Period-II
16. English History from 1714 A.D
17. English History from 1789 A.D
18. Islamic History Period-I
19. Islamic History Period-II

GROUP “C” …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

20. Pure Mathematics
21. Applied Mathematics
22. Statistics

GROUP “D” …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

23. Physics
24. Chemistry
25. Applied Chemistry
26. Botany
27. Zoology
28. Agriculture
29. Astronomy
30. Human Anatomy
31. Physiology

GROUP “E” …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

32. Ethics & Physiology
33. Logic and Elements of Philosophy
34. Islamiat
35. Economics
36. Political Science
37. Criminal Law
38. Civil Law
39. Geography
40. International Relations
41. Commerce Comprising
(a). Industrial and Commercial Organization
(b). Industrial and Commercial Law
(c). Statistics
42. Public Administration
43. Sociology
44. Social Work
45. Geology
46. Journalism/Mass communication

NOTE: All the papers, shall of three hour’s duration

DETAILED SYLLABUS OF (PCS) OPTIONAL SUBJECTS PSC

GROUP “A” LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE…Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

1. English literature Period-I…1780-1832:
Sectt, Wordsworth Lamb, Keats, Shelly, Byron and Jane Austen.

2. English literature Period-II…1832-1901:Carlyle, Dickens, Thackeray, Tenson, Browing, Matho, Arnold and Thomas Hardy.

NOTE: Special attention would be paid to the authors name and a candidate will be expected to be familiar with some of their works. A candidate will also be expected to have studied the literary history of this period and to have done same independent reading out side the author’s name. In making the paper importance will be attached to evidence of the wide reading and independent judgment.

3.Arabic 4. Persian 5. French 6. Sanskrit 7. Latin 8. German:Translation from the language into the English and from English into the language.

9. History of Urdu literature:
Candidates will be expected to know the best known works in the language and to possess a knowledge of the history of the Literature and such knowledge of general social History as well enable them to understand the Literature.

10. Arabic literature Period –I:

i. Pre-Islamic Poetry
ii. The Holy Quran
iii. Tafsir Literature
iv. Evolution of Hedith Literature
v. Origin and Development of early prose.
vi. Umayyad period poets and prose writers

11. Arabic literature Period-II:

i. Abbasid period Poets, Scientists, Prose writers, Geographers, Historians, Philosophers and Medical writers, etc.
ii. Arabic Literature in Spain, Poets, Prose Writers, Geographers, Historians, Philosophers and Medical Writers etc.

12. Persian literature Period-I up to 1500 A.D:
Up to 1500 A.D.

13.Persian literature Period-II after 1500 A.D:
After 1500 A.D, including also the literature produce in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.
The candidate will also expected to answer questions regarding the cultural background of Persian literature in both above periods.
Back to top Go down
Guest
Guest




PostSubject: Syllabus of PCS/BPSC Sun Oct 05, 2008 12:24 am

GROUP “B” HISTORY …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

14.Indian History Period-I:

India from the First Arian settlement to the end of 1526
A.D. Questions may also be set on the History of Buddhism outside India.

15.Indian History Period-II:
India from 1527 to 1857.

16.English History from 1714 A.D:
Standard same as for Degree Examination.

17.English History from 1789 A.D:
Standard same as for Degree Examination.

18.Islamic History Period-I:

i. Pre-Islamic Arabia
ii. The Holy Prophet and the Orthodox Caliphs.
iii. The Umayyad Period.

19.Islamic History Period-II:

i. Abbasid Period
ii. Muslim Rule in Spain

GROUP “C” MATHEMATICS…Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

20. Pure Mathematics:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

21. Applied Mathematics:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

22. Statistics:

i. Frequently distribution, average per centilese and simple methods of measuring dispersion, graphic methods treatment of qualitative data, e.g. investigation *** by comparison of ration, the practice of graphic and algebraic methods.
ii. Practical Methods used in the analysis and interpretation of statistics of prices, wages and incomes. Trade, transport, production and consumption, education etc, methods of dealing with population and vital statistics. Miscellaneous methods used in handling statistics of experiment of observations.
iii. Elements of modern mathematical theory of statistics frequency and the mathematical representation of groups generally accuracy of sampling as affecting averages: percentages, the standard deviation significance of observed differences between averages of groups, etc. The theory of correlation for two variables.


GROUP “D”SCIENCE …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

23. Physics:

Mechanics and properties of Matters, Sound, Heat, Light, Magnetism and Electricity as for degree examination.

24. Chemistry:

Chemistry paper will include all the three sections (A) Inorganic (B) Physical and (C) Organic Chemistry, each carrying equal marks. The standard is the same as for degree examination.

25. Applied Chemistry:

Chemical Plant. Chemical Engineering. Ceramics. Oils. Sugar. Leather. Soap and Toilet Products. Paper and Cellulose derivatives. Food preservation and Milk Products. Rosin and Turpentine. Paints and Varnishes Coal Carbonization and Road Tars, Fermentation Industries, Water Purification, Waste disposal starch and allied products, Heavy Chemicals, Fertilizer Matches.

26. Botany:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

27. Zoology:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

28. Agriculture:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

29. Astronomy:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

30. Human Anatomy:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

31. Physiology:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.


GROUP “E” …Maximum Marks (150 Marks Each)

32. Ethics & Physiology:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

33.Logic and Elements of Philosophy:

Logic will cover all the topics usually discussed in deductive and inductive logic including the Categories and the Predicable, the reduction of syllogisms, different kinds of syllogics and quantitative determination. Questions may be set not only on points of doctrine but also on the logical analysis of arguments.
i. The problem of Philosophy. Its relation with common sense, science, and religion. The method of philosophy. The divisions of philosophy.
ii. Theories of knowledge sceptionism. Realism intuitionism, Pragmatism.
iii. Theories of Boing-Dualism, Monisum-Pluralism, Materialism, Spiritualism, Noutral monism, Emergent Evolution.

34. Islamiat:

The candidate will be expected to have a reasonably good knowledge of Quran, Hadith and Fiqah. They should be able to answer question on the following subjects:
a. Shariat-i-Islam and Arkan-i-Islam
b. Holy Prophets life.
c. History of the Khulpha-i-Rashedeen

35. Economics:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

36. Political Science:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

37. Criminal Law:

The Pakistan Penal Code. The Evidence Act. The Criminal Procedure Code.

38. Civil Law:

The Evidence Act, The Civil Procedure Code, The Limitation Act.
NOTE: For papers in subject (37) and (38) bare copies of the relevant Acts will be provided.

39. Geography:

General and Political Geography of world. A special knowledge of the geography of Pakistan, India and adjoining countries will be expected, contours and elementary principles of land surveying questions on physical and economic geography may be set.

40. International Relations:

1. European and USA affairs since, 1919 with special reference to the following topics:
a. The Versailles settlement.
b. The League of Nation and the UNO.
c. Soviet Foreign Policy.
d. The Second World War.
e. Foreign Policy Of USA.
f. Fascism and National Socialism.
g. The Current International Situation.

2. Eastern Affairs since1919, with special reference to the following topics:
a. The Expansion of Japan.
b. The Chinese Civil War.
c. The Freedom Movement in South-East Asia
d. The Palestine Problem and the Arab States.
e. The Egyptian Nationalism.
f. Turkey and its Foreign Policy.
g. International Rivalries and Iran and Afghanistan.

3. Geographical aspects of International Relations.

41. Commerce Comprising:

I. Industrial and Commercial Organization
II. Industrial and Commercial Law
III. Statistics

42. Public Administration:

Legal and institutional setting, principles of organization. International management and central, personal management, fiscal management, Planning, special problems in administration.

43. Sociology:

Definition, scope, and methods of Sociology, Study of social problems, population, rate relations, disorganization of families, crime, etc. history of social thoughts, etc. social structure like Government, Family, etc. Community and community Organization with study of ecology and group relationship. Family, marriage and population problems with special reference to social problems of Pakistan.

44. Social Work:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

45. Geology:

Standard same as for Degree Examination.

46. Journalism/Mass communication:

Standard same as for Degree Examination

Spirit of brotherhood

 Spirit of brotherhood (Dawn Friday Feature)

 By Amin Valliani | 5/31/2013

THE Muslim ummah makes up a sizeable chunk of the world population. It isspread widely across the globe but faces multiple challenges on the internal and external fronts.

Among the internal challenges, the most serious and pernicious is the division within.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) conveyed the message of Allah in toto. After arriving in Madina, his first and foremost act was the constitution of a Muslim community based on the principle of brotherhood.

During his remaining life on earth he continued to promote the spirit of brotherhood at every level. In his last Haj sermon he reminded Muslims that they are brothers in faith.

In fact brotherhood became the fundamental concept of Islam at the social level. As per the principle of oneness, all Muslims are globally one in their loyalty, devotion and obedience to the teachings of Islam. Geographical boundaries, cultural diversities and political inclinations are secondary visà-vis the Islamic faith and its value system.

Brotherhood makes it incumbent upon Muslims to have mutual respect for each other and be united in upholding Islamic values. It is a permanent spiritual bond among all Muslims.

Muslims guided by the sense of brotherhood progressed materially within a short span of time in the early days of Islam. They spread the eternal message of Islam in the known world as members of one great spiritual family.

They followed the examples set by the Prophet in social, political, ethical and economic disciplines and showed compassion to others, took good care of their neighbours and guaranteed protection of the life and property of Muslims and non-Muslims alike.

However, after the Prophet left for his eternal abode the Muslim community stood divided. The spirit of brotherhood vanished and constant frictions and disharmony became the order of the day. At the beginning the division was minimal but later it became much deeper and continues to grow.

It has made common Muslims` lives miserable and has caused infighting, killings and warfare in Muslim lands around the globe. Muslims` blood has become cheap and is frequently shed by their co-religionists.

Thus the Muslims` faith has come under severe attack and criticism. It is not in the interest of Muslims to remain divided.

Rather, it is the responsibility of every Muslim to promote and practise brotherhood, try to overcome differences and buildnew bridges based on Islamic ethics.

In the world of faith, Muslims are united by Shahada (the declaration of faith) and the need is to practically demonstrate unity in societies where they live.

They are to realise that the division within has caused much pain and damaged their foundations during the long and chequered history of the Muslim ummah.

In order to steer theummah out of the divisive crisis, the concept of brotherhood needs to be put into action at every level. In this connection it is essential to devise certain parameters which must be adhered to.

First, all segments of the ummah must be allowed to remain true to their doctrines, history and interpretation of faith. No one must be allowed to declare others wrong or infidels.

Muslims of whatever persuasion should remember that Allah says He `...Will judge between them concerning that wherein they differ. ...` (39:3) and that `Your Lord knows best who has gone astray from His path and who is rightly guided` (68:7).

These verses enlighten us that humans are not to become judgemental in matters of faith. It is purely the domain of Allah to judge who is guided and who is not. We, as humans, try to understand His guidance with the limited capacity of our mind. The Holy Quran leaves the door open for different interpretations without any one interpreter being able to accuse another of being non-Muslim.

Therefore, all Muslims should pray that the Almighty, in His infinite mercy, may forgive any mistaken interpretation, stemming from ignorance or misunderstanding of the Holy Book.

Secondly, Muslim history consists of great achievements of the past centuries, but it also narrates some bitter events and recalling them can generate caustic feelings. Therefore, in the larger interest of the ummah the avoidance of such bitter pages of history is the need of the hour.

The Muslim ummah is not a monolithic entity but pluralistic in nature. This means countless Muslim communities around the globe are of varied types. They affirm the Shahada and declare Islam as their faith but practise according to their cultural contexts. All seek Allah`s blessings and pray for His guidance to move forward on the siratal mustageem (straight path).

Islam`s central message is peace, which is possible only when the notion of brotherhood is translated practically on the ground at the grassroots level. History proves that a sense of brotherhood has helped Muslims weather difficult storms.

As we advance further into the 21st century, we need to revitalise the idea of brotherhood and apply it in our lives for reasons of nation-building, economic prosperity and political stability. The ulema, teachers and media persons have a special role in this regard.

Our national curriculum should have special emphasis on brotherhood. Students should be made aware that when Islamic brotherhood is not practised, the entire nation suffers. •


The writer is an educationist...amin.valiani@itrebp.org

Beyond the drones

Beyond the drones

By I.A. Rehman | 5/30/2013

THE renewed debate on drone attacks in Fata and the response from the Palcistan authorities deserve due attention.

The latest flurry of drone-related statements began with a report that drones were going to continue discharging their lethal cargo on Pakistani targets for 20 years.

This report, though denied soon afterward, created a perfect setting for President Barack Obama`s address at Washington`s National Defence University, and his announcement that the use of drones would be reduced and that CIA was to be divested of its monopoly over the drone programme apparently led to more relief than it deserved.

Meanwhile, powerful voices continued to be raised against what was described as killing by remote control.

The American Lawyers for Civil Liberties renewed their call for the ces-sation of drone attacks.

Amnesty International again condemned such attacks for causing extra-legal killings and for violating international law. And now the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has taken exception to the drone attacks.That the US had begun to rethink the drone programme could not but please the Pakistani authorities. The Foreign Office declared it had always opposed the drone attacks. The incoming prime minister, Mian Nawaz Sharif, apparently tried to close ranks with the country`s most powerful and permanent establishment by reminding the US of Pakistan`s sovereign rights and the need to stop drone flights, as a followup to his plea for talks with the Taliban a gesture Secretary of State John Kerry has not been late in appreciating.

In addition to the views of eminent persons quoted above, notice may also be taken of two detailed studies on the subject.

The report that Medea Benjamin heckled President Obama during his speech in Washington reminded one of her book published last year, Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control, in which she has narrated her experience after visits to the theatre of drone attacks and after meeting with someinnocent victims.

She quotes two sources to establish the killing of non-combatants.

According to the New America Foundation, between 1,717 and 2,680 people were killed during 2004-2011 and of them 293 to 471 were `civilians`. The UK-based Bureau of Investigative Journalism puts the number of civilian deaths during the same period at 391 to 780, including 175 children (out of 2,372 to 2,997 casualties).

But killing of non-combatants is only one of the author`s concerns. She also argues that some of those labelled as terrorists might not have deserved that description. She challenges the very legality of drone attacks, expresses alarm at the growth of the drone-manufacturing industry and highlights the US fears that many countries could soon be using predator planes.

That should put an end to the Pakistani government/military`s hopes of receiving drones or the relevanttechnology from the US. Medea Benjamin raises the level of the debate on drones to the more fundamental issues of the rules of war and the drone threat to international peace. Pakistan must surely participate in that debate.

Then the highly rated International Crisis Group released its report Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan in which it has argued that the drones kill fewer militants than the young men they turn into militants. It blames the US for not officially acknowledging the drone programme (one wonders how the ICG could say this) and Pakistan for doublespeak.

The ICG plea that `Pakistan must ensure that its actions and those of the US comply with the practices of distinction and proportionality under international humanitarian law` bypasses the issue of legality of the drone strikes and settles for a pragmatic compromise: `The US should develop a legal framework that defines clear roles for the executive, legislative and judicial branches, converting the drone programme from a covert CIA opera-tion to a military-run programme with a meaningful level of judicial and congressional oversight.

Here ICG seems to be pinning its hopes on reports of President Obama`s initiative to transfer control of the drone warfare from CIA to Pentagon. It is not clear that Pakistan will benefit from this switch and even if it did there are reasons to doubt the ability of the US military or even its justice authorities to objectively analyse matters concerning Al Qaeda and the Taliban. The most important message from the ICG is about the need to push political, legal and socio-economic reforms in Fata.

What Pakistan is confronted with is a many-sided dilemma. Its case against the drone attacks suffers from a lack of proper investigation into their impact on Pakistan`s population. This obstacle must be removed by facilitating a thorough probe into the drone programme by an independent commission comprising civil society and governmentrepresentatives.

The second issue is that drone attacks will not be ended until the US is offered a guid pro quo. Despite the goodwill the TTP have displayed for it, Pakistan`s new ruling party may find it impossible toprevent militants` activities in Afghanistan. That will also undermine Mian Nawaz Sharif`s negotiations with the Taliban. He may find that those who hope for a negotiated settlement with the Taliban, except for a deal on their inflexible terms, constitute a tiny minority.

Reliance on talks with the Taliban for a breakthrough means their recognition as bona fide representatives of the tribal population, which may not be factually correct. Instead of talking to the Taliban it would be better to hold wider consultation with the tribal population.

It is necessary to ascertain whether party-based elections in Fata and the decision of the newly elected MNAs to join a Pakistani mainstream party have prepared the tribal population for accepting the reform agenda such as the one proposed by the ICG. Without a long-term plan to stabilise the tribal areas, efforts to have peace with the militants or to stop drone attacks will touch only the fringe of the problem, not its heart. •

(Courtesy DAWN)